Michael Lissack from the processes of implementation. Participants argue acrimoniously over policy, but once policy is implemented the same participants seem indifferent to its implementation. Decision makers do not consider all consequences of their alternatives. They focus on some and ignore others. Relevant information about conse- quences is not sought, and available information is often not used. Instead of having a complete, consistent set of preferences, decision makers seem to have incomplete and inconsistent goals, not all of which are considered at the same time. The decision rules used by real decision makers seem to differ from the ones imagined by decision theory. Instead of considering expected values or risk as those terms are used in decision theory, they invent other criteria. Instead of calculating the best possible action, they search for an action that is good enough. The architect makes his representation of the object within a held of constraints, acting from intentions implicit in his values and purposes. However, the architect's intentions, constraints, and objectives are not fully given at the outset, and they are not fixed. They emerge in the course of making the object, through a process of seeing, making design moves, and -seeing again. Working in some graphic or plastic medium, such as drawing, the architect sees what is there in a representation of a site or object, draws in relation to it, and sees what has been drawn. As the representation of the object takes shape and new qualities are recognized in it, new meanings are apprehended and new intentions are formed. Detecting the intended and unintended consequences of his moves, the architect becomes aware of an evolving field of values, criteria, and constraints, which are always, to some extent, mutually incompatible. In this process, he sets new problems, constructs new possibilities for action, or formulates new dilemmas. For example, an architect may discover that her attempt to make the shapes of a building fit the complex contours of a site has produced an incoherent form. An engineers attempt to make a razor blade sharper may also make it more vulnerable to corrosion. Given the framing of a new problem, opportunity, or dilemma, the architect makes an invention aimed at solving the problem, realizing the opportunity, or resolving the dilemma.
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