Kinetics studies of the degradation of methylene blue and rifampicin using green synthesized iron nanoparticles Sammy Wanakai 1,2 , Patrick Gachoki Kareru 1 , David Sujee Makhanu 2 , Edwin Shigwenya Madivoli 1 , Dennis Mwanza Nzilu 1 , Vincent Ngunjiri Mwangi 1 1 Chemistry Department, Jomo Kenyatta University of Agriculture and Technology, Nairobi, Kenya, 2 Department of Biological & Physical Sciences, Karatina University, Karatina, Kenya Introduction Infectious bacterial diseases remain a major global problem due to antibiotic resistance caused by the misuse of antibiotic drugs. Green nanoparticles have rare and unique applicability in various fields: medicine, nutrition, agriculture and environmental wastewater treatment. Objective This study aimed to synthesize iron nanoparticles by reacting a 0.1 M Iron Chloride (FeCl 3 ) solution with aqueous leaf extracts from Galinsoga parviflora ( G. parviflora ), Conyza bonariensis ( C. bonariensis ) and Bidens pilosa ( B. pilosa ), and determining the degradation effects of Rifampicin and Methylene blue (MB) dye were also determined. Method Secondary metabolites from the plants’ leaf extracts were screened for the presence of flavonoids, polyphenols, and phytosterols. C. bonariensis had the highest concentration of flavonoids (45.50±0.59 mg (Rutin Equivalent/ Dry weight) while B. pilosa had the highest concentration of reducing polyphenol compounds at 126.27±0.01 mg (Gallic Acid Equivalent/Dry weight). Characterization of the green nanoparticles was done using several techniques: Ultraviolet–Visible (UV-Vis) spectroscopy, Fourier Transform Infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy, X-ray Fluorescence (XRF), X-ray Diffraction (XRD), and Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM). Results The sizes of B. pilosa nanoparticles (BpNPs), G. parviflora nanoparticles (GpNPs), and C. bonariensis nanoparticles (CbNPs) ranged from 60–90 nm and the mean sizes were 84, 51, and 78 nm, respectively. The formation of green iron nanoparticles was further confirmed by the absorption shifts in the UV–Vis and FTIR spectra. The green iron nanoparticles exhibited antimicrobial activity effects against S. aureus, B. subtilis , E. coli, P. aureginosa and C. albicans compared to the ampicillin standard. The percentage degradation efficiency of Methylene blue and Rifampicin increased with an increase in temperature, dosage and pH change with efficiencies of over 90%. Conclusion The results from this study demonstrated that green iron nanoparticles had antimicrobial and degradation properties that can be exploited in the field of medicine and environmental degradation of dyes, such as Methylene blue. References 1. Ajay Handa, Sahajal Dhooria, Inderpaul Singh Sehgal, & Ritesh Agarwal. (2018). Primary cavitary sarcoidosis: A case report, systematic review, and proposal of new diagnostic criteria. Lung India , 35 (1), 41–46. https://doi.org/10.4103/lungindia. lungindia 2. Akram, N., Guo, J., Ma, W., Guo, Y., Hassan, A., & Wang, J. (2020). Synergistic Catalysis of Co ( OH ) 2 / CuO for the Degradation of Organic Pollutant Under Visible Light Irradiation. Scientific Reports , 1–12. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598- 020-59053-9 3. Aksu Demirezen, D., Yıldız, Y. Ş., & Demirezen Yılmaz, D. (2019). Amoxicillin degradation using green synthesized iron oxide nanoparticles: Kinetics and mechanism analysis. Environmental Nanotechnology, Monitoring and Management , 11 (March). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.enmm.2019.100219 4. Al-Kalifawi, E. J. (2015). Green synthesis Of Magnetite Iron Oxide Nanoparticles by Using Al-Abbas’s (A.S.) Hund Fruit (Citrus medica) var. Sarcodactylis Swingle Extract and Used in Al-’alqami River Water Treatment. Journal of Natural Sciences Research Www , 5 (20), 2225–2921.
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