Phytoconstituents and pharmacological profile of Echinacea purpurae Mehwish Qayyum 1 *, Mubashra Gul 2 , Mayyda Asif Bajwa 1 , Rashida Perveen 1 , KanwalAshiq 1 , Maria Gul 3 , Waqas Noor 4 , Hina Awais 5 1 Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Superior University Lahore, Pakistan, 2 Riphah Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Riphah International University Lahore, Pakistan, 3 Johar Institute of Professional Studies Lahore, Pakistan, 4 Sharif College of Engineering and Technology, Pakistan, 5 University Institute of Medical Lab Technology, University of Lahore, Pakistan Asteraceae's Family member, Echinacea purpurea is a medicinal plant with a wide range of pharmacological effects. It is a perennial plant having anti-inflammatory and immune-stimulating qualities. Scientists are also examining this plant's additional advantageous biological benefits because of its extensive pharmacological qualities. The plant possesses antibacterial, anti-fungal, cytotoxic, anti-mutagenic, antidepressant, and anxiolytic effects.This review's goal is to emphasize the significance of Echinacea purpurea. The English-language literature was searched using a variety of databases. Considering its negative consequences, clinical investigations are currently lacking. However, some plant research has demonstrated the best biological responses, with no significant side effects, whilst other research has revealed significant negative effects on the skin, including rashes, urticaria and itching, stomach discomfort, cramps, nausea, and labored breathing. High-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) has been used to develop the analysis of cichoric acid and alkamides utilizing a variety of detectors, including coulometric, ionization mass-spray, and UV-vis detectors. Some operations on this plant produce the greatest outcomes, as opposed to the contentious findings of many research, but there are still some unanswered concerns. Future research on the Echinacea purpurea plant will require careful consideration of its mode of action. References 1. Barnes J, Anderson LA, Gibbons S, PhillipsonJD. 2005. Echinacea species (Echinacea angustifolia(DC.) Hell. Echinacea pallida (Nutt.) Nutt., Echinaceapurpurea (L.) Moench): a review of their chemistry,pharmacology and clinical properties. Journal of Pharmacy and Pharmacology 57(8), 929-54.https://doi.org/10.1211/0022357056127 2. Barrett B. 2003. Medicinal properties of Echinacea:a critical review. Phytomedicine 10(1), 66-86.https://doi. org/10.1078/094471103321648692 3. Barrett B. Medicinal properties of Echinacea: a critical review. 2003. Phytomedicine 10(1), 66-86.https://doi. org/10.1078/094471103321648692 4. Bergmann KC. 1995. Assessment of the clinical value of using an immunomodulator in recurrent respiratory infections. Advances in experimental medicine and biology 371, 795-7. 5. Canlas J, Hudson JB, Sharma M, Nandan D.2010. Echinacea and trypanasomatid parasite interactions: growth- inhibitory and anti-inflammatory effects of Echinacea. Pharmaceutical Biology 48(9), 1047-52.https://doi. org/10.3109/138802009034834.68 6. Chaves F, Chacón M, Badilla B, Arévalo C.2007. Effect of Echinacea purpurea (Asteraceae)aqueous extract on antibody response to Bothropsasper venom and immune cell response. Revista debiología tropical 55(1), 113-9. 7. Chicca A, Adinolfi B, Martinotti E, Fogli S,Breschi MC, Pellati F, Benvenuti S, Nieri P.2007. Cytotoxic effects of Echinacea root hexanicextracts on human cancer cell lines. Journal of Ethnopharmacology 110(1), 148-53.https://doi.org/10.1016/j. jep.2006.09.013 8. Clifford LJ, Nair MG, Rana J, Dewitt DL. 2002.Bio-activity of alkamides isolated from Echinacea purpurea (L.) Moench. Phytomedicine 9(3), 249-53.https://doi.org/10.1078/0944-7113-00105 9. Gertsch J, Schoop R, Kuenzle U, Suter A. 2004.Echinacea alkyl amides modulate TNF-α gene expression via cannabinoid receptor CB2 and multiple signal transduction pathways.FEBS-letters577(3), 563-9.https://doi.org/10.1016/j. febslet.2004.10.064.
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