Smartphone-integrated optical sensor devices for detection of permethrin residues using functionalized nanoparticles Sufian Rasheed, Naseer Ahmad, Dilshad Hussain, Sirajuddin HEJ Research Institute of Chemistry, International Center for Chemical and Biological Sciences, University of Karachi, Pakistan Permethrin is a pyrethroid pesticide and insect repellent that prevents mosquito-borne infections like dengue and malaria in tropical areas. This work describes a new colorimetric sensor based on metronidazole-stabilized silver nanoparticles (MTZ-AgNPs) for the first rapid, sensitive, and selective permethrin detection. The MTZ-AgNPs- based colorimetric sensor has a limit of detection (LOD) of 0.0104 µM and a limit of quantification (LOQ) of 0.0348 µM, respectively. The sensor is further integrated with smartphone and microfluidic fabrication of paper-based analytical devices (µPADs) for real-time and on-site detection of permethrin. Under optimal settings, no potential environmental contaminants interfere with permethrin detection, confirming its high selectivity. Finally, the practical applicability of sensors is confirmed in real tomato and apple extract samples. The US environmental protection agency's recommended UPLC method validated the detection efficiency of the proposed colorimetric sensor. The % recoveries from UPLC and MTZ-AgNPs suggest that the present sensor can quantitatively analyze permethrin in real samples. References 1. Aboul-Enein, H. Y., Stefan, R.-I., & van Staden, J. F. (1999). Chemiluminescence-based (bio) sensors—An overview. Critical Reviews in Analytical Chemistry, 29(4), 323-331. 2. Chen, N., Liu, H., Zhang, Y., Zhou, Z., Fan, W., Yu, G., Shen, Z., & Wu, A. (2018). A colorimetric sensor based on citrate- stabilized AuNPs for rapid pesticide residue detection of terbuthylazine and dimethoate. Sensors and Actuators B: Chemical, 255, 3093-3101. 3. Dong, C., Wang, Z., Zhang, Y., Ma, X., Iqbal, M. Z., Miao, L., Zhou, Z., Shen, Z., & Wu, A. (2017). High-performance colorimetric detection of thiosulfate by using silver nanoparticles for smartphone-based analysis. ACS sensors, 2(8), 1152- 1159. 4. Fauzi, N. I. M., Fen, Y. W., Omar, N. A. S., & Hashim, H. S. (2021). Recent advances on detection of insecticides using optical sensors. Sensors, 21(11), 3856. 5. Umapathi, R., Sonwal, S., Lee, M. J., Rani, G. M., Lee, E.-S., Jeon, T.-J., Kang, S.-M., Oh, M.-H., & Huh, Y. S. (2021). Colorimetric based on-site sensing strategies for the rapid detection of pesticides in agricultural foods: New horizons, perspectives, and challenges. Coordination Chemistry Reviews, 446, 214061. 6. Zhu, J., Yin, L., Zhang, W., Chen, M., Feng, D., Zhao, Y., & Zhu, Y. (2021). Colorimetric Measurement of Deltamethrin Pesticide Using a Paper Sensor Based on Aggregation of Gold Nanoparticles. Coatings, 12(1), 38.
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