Chemical composition and bioactivity of Geniotrigona thoracica propolis and their impact on biodiversity Ainur Awanis Mohd Badiazaman 1 , Ahmad Nazif Aziz 2,3 , Habsah Mohamad 3 , Khamsah Suryati Mohd 1 1 Faculty of Bioresources and Food Industry, University Sultan Zainal Abidin,Malaysia, 2 Faculty of Science and Marine Environment, Universiti Malaysia Terengganu, Malaysia, 3 Institute of Climate Adaptation and Marine Biotechnology, Universiti Malaysia Terengganu, Malaysia This research presents a comprehensive exploration of Geniotrigona thoracica propolis, with a specific focus on its chemical composition, biological properties, and the profound implications it holds for terrestrial ecosystems. In the preliminary stage of this study, the chemical and biological properties of G. thoracica propolis from five localities were investigated. Several chromatographic and spectroscopic methods have been employed such as High Performance Thin Layer Chromatography (HPTLC), Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy(FTIR) and Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry (GC-MS) to establish the chemical fingerprint of propolis. Generally, all propolis exhibited similar pattern of chemical fingerprint with slight differences. The biological properties of propolis from Besut demonstrated the strongest antioxidant and cytotoxic properties compared to other locations. Therefore, propolis from Besut was selected for further investigations to identify the bioactive compounds within it. The results identified five major bioactive compounds such as mangiferonic acid, ambonic acid, mangiferolic acid, ambolic acid, and cycloartenol, all of which exhibit remarkable cytotoxic properties. The establishment of chemical and bioactive markers of G. thoracica propolis also were performed using High Performance Liquid Chromatography (HPLC). The proposed chemical markers were mangiferonic acid, ambonic acid, mangiferolic acid and ambolic acid. Meanwhile, mangiferolic acid was suggested to serve as a bioactive marker. Crucial to our findings is the significant contribution this research makes to Sustainable Development Goal 15 (Life on Land). Through our work, we emphasize the pivotal ecological role played by G. thoracica and its propolis, shedding light on their contribution to biodiversity conservation. The unique chemistry and bioactivity of this propolis emphasize the urgency of protecting these stingless bees and their habitats, recognizing them as vital components of terrestrial ecosystems. Furthermore, our research revealed a transformative aspect of the propolis: the identification of bioactive markers. This discovery opens doors to quality control and standardization processes, ensuring the responsible utilization of bee products. By establishing benchmarks for the bioactive components of G. thoracica propolis, we contribute to sustainable practices, reducing environmental impact and promoting responsible resource management. In conclusion, our study brings attention to the intricate interplay between biodiversity conservation and sustainable land use, emphasizing the importance of preserving terrestrial ecosystems for the benefit of current and future generations directly aligning with the goals of SDG 15. References 1. Bankova, V. S., Castro, S. L. D., Marcucci, M. C. 2000. Propolis: recent advances in chemistry and plant origin. Apidologie, 31, 3–15. 2. Badiazaman, A. A. M., Mohd, K. S., Zin, N. B. M., Mohamad, H., Aziz, A. N. 2023. HPTLC profiling and FTIR fingerprinting coupled with chemometric analysis of Malaysian stingless bee propolis. J. Teknol. 85, 121-131.
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