Analysis of selected elements in some baby foods in Uyo, Akwa Ibom state, Nigeria Rapheal Nnamani, Imaobong Udousoro, Ini Umoren, Esther Ntia, Samuel Owot,
Abasibiangake Brown University of Uyo, Nigeria
Global food safety is a major issue. This is particularly so for the vulnerable newborns who are fed infant formulae due to their underdeveloped organs. When mothers are unable to breastfeed, infant formulae can provide an alternative source of nutrition. Recommended limits for elemental contaminants in infant formula have been established by regulatory authorities such as the World Health Organisation (WHO) and the Joint FAO/WHO Expert Committee on Food Additives (JECFA), unfortunately, some products have failed to satisfy these criteria. Consequently, it is important to examine baby foods on a regular basis for any signs of contamination. Therefore, this investigation uses ICP-OES to quantify Al, As, Ba, Ca, Cd, Cr, Cu, Fe, K, Li, Mg, Mn, Ni, Pb, Sr, and Zn in 17 infant meals currently in Uyo market, Akwa Ibom state, Nigeria and to calculate the daily exposure to these substances in order to evaluate the health risks. References 1. Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry. (2019). ATSDR’s substance priority list. Available online at: www.atsdr. cdc.gov/spl/index.html#2019spl 2. Alengebawy, A., Abdelkhalek, S. T., Qureshi, S. R., & Wang, Q. (2021). Heavy Metals and Pesticides Toxicity in Agricultural Soil and Plants: Ecological Risks and Human Health Implications. Toxics , 9 (3). https://doi.org/10.3390/toxics9030042 3. Almeida, C. C., Mendonça Pereira, B. F., Leandro, K. C., Costa, M. P., Spisso, B. F., & Conte-Junior, C. A. (2021). Bioactive Compounds in Infant Formula and Their Effects on Infant Nutrition and Health: A Systematic Literature Review. International Journal of Food Science , 2021, 8850080. https://doi.org/10.1155/2021/8850080 4. Amarh, F. A., Agorku, E. S., Voegborlo, R. B., Ashong, G. W., & Atongo, G. A. (2023). Health risk assessment of some selected heavy metals in infant food sold in Wa, Ghana. Heliyon , 9 (5), e16225. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.heliyon.2023.e16225 5. Astolfi, M. L., Marotta, D., Cammalleri, V., Marconi, E., Antonucci, A., Avino, P., Canepari, S., Vitali, M., & Protano, C. (2021). Determination of 40 Elements in Powdered Infant Formulas and Related Risk Assessment. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health , 18 (10), 5073. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph18105073 6. Bair, E. C. (2022). A Narrative Review of Toxic Heavy Metal Content of Infant and Toddler Foods and Evaluation of United States Policy. Frontier Nutrition , 9 (919913). doi:10.3389/fnut.2022.919913 7. Balali-Mood, M., Naseri, K., Tahergorabi, Z., Khazdair, R. M., & Sadeghi, M. (2021). Toxic Mechanisms of Five Heavy Metals: Mercury, Lead, Chromium, Cadmium, and Arsenic. Frontiers in Pharmacology, 12 , 643972. https://doi.org/10.3389/ fphar.2021.643972 8. Bargellini, A., Venturelli, F., Casali, E., Ferrari, A., Marchesi, I., & Borella, P. (2016). Trace Elements in Starter Infant Formula: Dietary Intake and Safety Assessment. Environmental Science and Pollution Research , 25 (3), 2035-2044. https://doi. org/10.1007/s11356-016-8290-9 9. Carey, M., Donaldson, E., Signes-Pastor, A. J., & Meharg, A. A. (2018). Dilution of rice with other gluten-free grains to lower inorganic arsenic in foods for young children in response to European Union regulations provides impetus to setting stricter standards. PLoS ONE , 13 , e0194700. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0194700 10. Kim, K. H., Kabir, E., & Jahan, S. A. (2017). Exposure to pesticides and the associated human health effects. Science of the Total Environment , 575 , 525-535. doi: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2016.09.009
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