Development of sustainable antimicrobial composites for bone repair Mapoloko Mpho Phiri, Percy Hlangothi Department of Chemistry, Nelson Mandela University, South Africa Bone fractures are inevitable and can be caused by trauma, accidents, sickness, aging, or disability 1 . In the absence of proper care, these can lead to morbidity, amputation/permanent disability, or mortality. Traditionally, bone repair has been achieved via use of metal devices made from stainless steel, titanium, and their alloys 2 . These are non-biodegradable, are prone to infection 3 and require second surgery to remove them 4 . Current research trends are focusing on the development of polymer scaffolds, either as nanofibers 5 , injectable hydrogels [6], or 3D printed scaffolds [7] to tackle bone rejuvenation and repair. The requirements for the polymer composite of choiceare that it must be nontoxic, biocompatible, biodegradable, hydrophilic, antimicrobial, and affordable. Although the concept is not new, most of the available technologies have been developed outside Africa and are still in their infant stages and the know-how (intellectual property) is usually protected through patents. The proposed work seeks to develop polymer scaffolds based on polyvinyl pyrrolidone in the presence of biosynthesized hydroxyapatite, bioHAP [8], to mimic bone composition and facilitate bone regeneration 5 . Plant seeds extract as natural antimicrobial agents will be added to prevent infection. The scaffolds will be prepared via electrospinning. Chemical, morphological, bone healing studies will be presented. References 1. Rabie AB, Wong RW, Hägg U. Composite autogenous bone and demineralized bone matrices used to repair defects in the parietal bone of rabbits. Br J Oral Maxillofac Surg 2000;38:565–70. https://doi.org/10.1054/bjom.2000.0464. 2. Christensen FB, Dalstra M, Sejling F, Overgaard S, Bünger C. Titanium-alloy enhances bone-pedicle screw fixation: mechanical and histomorphometrical results of titanium-alloy versus stainless steel. Eur Spine J Off Publ Eur Spine Soc Eur Spinal Deform Soc Eur Sect Cerv Spine Res Soc 2000;9:97–103. https://doi.org/10.1007/s005860050218. 3. Alexander R, Theodos L. Fracture of the bone-grafted mandible secondary to stress shielding: report of a case and review of the literature. J Oral Maxillofac Surg Off J Am Assoc Oral Maxillofac Surg 1993;51:695–7. https://doi.org/10.1016/s0278- 2391(10)80273-3. 4. Marti C, Imhoff AB, Bahrs C, Romero J. Metallic versus bioabsorbable interference screw for fixation of bone-patellar tendon-bone autograft in arthroscopic anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction. A preliminary report. Knee Surg Sports Traumatol Arthrosc 1997;5:217–21. https://doi.org/10.1007/s001670050053. 5. Kodali D, Hembrick-Holloman V, Gunturu DR, Samuel T, Jeelani S, Rangari VK. Influence of Fish Scale-Based Hydroxyapatite on Forcespun Polycaprolactone Fiber Scaffolds. ACS Omega 2022;7:8323–35. https://doi.org/10.1021/ acsomega.1c05593. 6. Olov N, Bagheri-Khoulenjani S, Mirzadeh H. Injectable hydrogels for bone and cartilage tissue engineering: a review. Prog Biomater 2022;11:113–35. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40204-022-00185-8. 7. Bahraminasab M. Challenges on optimization of 3D-printed bone scaffolds. Biomed Eng Online 2020;19:69. https://doi. org/10.1186/s12938-020-00810-2. 8. Mobasherpour I, Heshajin MS, Kazemzadeh A, Zakeri M. Synthesis of nanocrystalline hydroxyapatite by using precipitation method 2007;430:330–3. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jallcom.2006.05.018.
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