8. The disturbance is not attributable to the physiological effects of a substance (examples: medication, alcohol) or another medical condition. Borderline personality disorder The DSM-5 outlines borderline personality disorder as composed of the following list of criteria. A pervasive pattern of instability of interpersonal relationships, self-image, and affects, and marked impulsivity, beginning by early adulthood and present in a variety of contexts as indicated by five (or more) of the following: 1. Frantic efforts to avoid real or imagined abandonment. 2. A pattern of unstable and intense interpersonal relationships characterized by alternating between extremes of idealization and devaluation. 3. Identity disturbance: markedly and persistently unstable self-image or sense of self. 4. Impulsivity in at least two areas that are potentially self-damaging (examples: spending, sex, substance use, reckless driving, binge eating). 5. Recurrent suicidal behavior, gestures, or threats, or self-mutilating behavior. 6. Affective instability due to a marked reactivity of mood (examples: intense episodic dysphoria, irritability, or anxiety usually lasting a few hours and only rarely more than a few days). 7. Chronic feelings of emptiness. 8. Inappropriate, intense anger or difficulty controlling anger (examples: frequent displays of temper, constant anger, recurrent physical fights). 9. Transient, stress-related paranoid ideation or severe dissociative symptoms. Schizophrenia The DSM-5 describes schizophrenia as composed of the following criteria. 1. Two (or more) of the following, each present for a significant portion of time during a one-month period (or less if successfully treated). At least one of these must be one of the first three mentioned: • Delusions. • Hallucinations. • Disorganized speech (frequent derailment or incoherence). • Grossly disorganized or catatonic behavior.
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