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the Social Democratic Party of the Kingdom of Poland and Lithu- ania. Her anti-nationalist stance, in which she argued against na- tional self-determination for Poland, advocating first for a socialist revolution across multiple countries, placed her in direct opposi- tion to the most prominent socialist figures of the time, as well as to Marx’s own writings on Poland. During the German revolution of 1918–19 Luxemburg was summarily executed by the Freikorps alongside Karl Liebknecht. OCLC locates four copies of the Russian translation in institu- tions worldwide: three in the US (Hoover Institution on War, Rev- olution, and Peace; University of Kansas; Harvard) and one at the National Library of Israel. Delany, Sheila, “Red Rosa: Bread and Roses”, The Massachusetts Review , Vol. 15, No. 2, Spring 1975, pp. 373–86; Dunayevskaya, Raya, Rosa Luxemburg, Women’s Liberation, and Marx’s Philosophy of Revolution , second edn, University of Illinois Press, 1991. £1,950 [130548] 97 MAKOWER, Helen. Activity Analysis and the Theory of Economic Equilibrium. London: Macmillan & Co Ltd, 1957 Octavo. Original maroon cloth, spine lettered in gilt. With the dust jacket. A near-fine copy, spine ends slightly rubbed and boards a little splayed, in the soiled jacket with a few small nicks to extremities and some minor staining to spine. first edition, presentation copy of makower’s famous monograph, inscribed by the author on the front free endpa- per, “with very many thanks, Helen 21/6/57”. The recipient was Li- onel Robbins, though unmarked as such, for whose assistance in publishing the work Makower writes gratefully in the foreword: it “would not have been published without [the help] of Professor L. C. Robbins. His repeated readings, detailed criticism, and constant encouragement have produced whatever degree of coherence the text may now possess”. After graduating from Newnham College, Cambridge, Makow- er (1910–1998) obtained her doctorate from the London School of Economics, where she was one of the participants of the 1936–7 graduate student seminar run jointly by Robbins and Hayek. Short-
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96 LUXEMBURG, Rosa. Promyshlennoe razvitie Pol’shi [The Industrial Development of Poland]. St Petersburg: Izd. T-va “Znanie”; Tip. I.M. Komelova, 1899 Octavo (217 × 150 mm). Contemporary black cloth, titles hand-written to paper spine label. Spine ends and corners lightly rubbed and bruised, label chipped, blue cloth hinges, 20 mm closed tear to foot of front free endpaper at gutter, small ownership mark to title page scratched out, diagonal tears to final two leaves repaired with Japanese tissue, contents toned, else a very good copy. first edition in russian of Luxemburg’s first economic paper, the doctoral thesis for which she was awarded a PhD in law and political economy from the University of Zurich in 1897, the first woman to be recognised so. Her thesis, first published in German in 1898 as Die industrielle Entwicklung Polens , sought to prove the point that Poland’s economic growth depended on the Russian market, arguing that separation would lead to economic chaos. “It was a pi- oneering effort, still used by modern historians in the field, which became an important part of Luxemburg’s arguments against the claims of the Polish nationalist movement for independence from Russia” (Delany, p. 375). “From her start in the Marxist movement, internationalism was Luxemburg’s most distinctive revolutionary mark” (Dunayevskaya, p. 51). Smuggled out of her country of birth in 1889, Luxemburg immigrated to Switzerland as a political refugee and enrolled at Zu- rich. While completing her doctorate she and fellow Polish revolu- tionary Leo Jogiches broke with the Polish Socialist Party to found
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