Restricting access of livestock : The presence of livestock can also cause disturbance to shorebirds. This can be prevented by keeping them away from habitats for nesting, roosting and feeding of shorebirds, or by reducing livestock density (Sharps et al. , 2017). Consider stakeholders: The success of disturbance management interventions may be increased by involving stakeholders – individuals or groups that may affect, or be affected by the intervention – in design, planning and/or delivery (Sterling et al. , 2017). For example, Burger & Niles (2013) attribute the granting of permission for a beach closure, and subsequent compliance with the closure, to meaningful stakeholder engagement.
5. Other sources of information
Review of disturbance distances for birds: Goodship N.M. & Furness R.W. (2022) Disturbance Distances Review: An updated literature review of disturbance distances of selected bird species . NatureScot Research Report 1283. Available at: https://www.nature.scot/doc/naturescot-research-report-1283-disturbance-distances-review- updated-literature-review-disturbance Guidance on habitat management for roosting shorebirds: Jackson M.V & Straw P. (eds.) (2021) Coastal Hightide Shorebird Habitat Management Guidelines . Figshare. https://doi.org/ 10.6084/m9.figshare.16628560.v1 Review of factors affecting how birds use wetlands: Ma Z., Cai Y., Li B. & Chen J. (2010) Managing wetland habitats for waterbirds: An international perspective. Wetlands , 30 , 15 – 27. https://doi.org/10.1007/s13157-009-0001-6
Online toolkit: Shorebird disturbance reduction toolkit (2022) Available at: https://sos. atlanticflywayshorebirds.org/shorebirddisturbancereductiontoolkit/
Guidance on managing waterbird disturbance in wetlands: AEWA (2022) Managing Waterbird Disturbance: A Short Guide for Wetland Managers. Available at: https://www.unep- aewa.org/en/document/managing-waterbird-disturbance-short-guide-wetland-managers- draft-2 Guidance on management of beach-nesting birds: Maguire G.S. (2008) A Practical Guide for Managing Beach-Nesting Birds in Australia . Birds Australia: Melbourne. Available at: https://beachvol.birdlife.org.au/public_files/39/Birds%20Management%20Manual.pdf Human behavioural science toolkit: Rare and The Behavioural Insights Team (2019) Behaviour Change for Nature: A Behavioral Science Toolkit for Practitioners . Rare: Arlington, VA. Available at: https://www.bi.team/publications/behavior-change-for-nature-a-behavioral- science-toolkit-for-practitioners/
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