Of course, it is important to consider the current state and functioning of the habitat. If the habitat is degraded and suboptimal for target species, then habitat creation could have ecological benefits. If the existing habitat is functioning well, creating additional tidal flat or salt marsh may be unnecessary or an inefficient use of resources (Yozzo et al. , 2004). This may also depend on the availability of sufficient roosting habitat to accommodate increased numbers of birds.
2. Get to know the area: Detailed assessment of natural and socioeconomic conditions
Conduct a comprehensive assessment of the selected site, considering its geomorphological, hydrological, and ecological characteristics. Understanding the natural dynamics of the area informs subsequent restoration decisions. Key aspects requiring assessment include the tidal range and positioning of the chosen site, sediment characteristics, the level of wave exposure, the amount of erosion and sediment deposition, topographic features (e.g. the distribution of tidal creeks), vegetation composition, benthic structure in tidal flat areas, the present and historical wildlife occurrences, and the predicted relative sea level change. These factors are pivotal in comprehending the site's ecological complexities, predicting its response to restoration interventions and communicating with stakeholders. Assess the area while considering the wider landscape. It is important to learn of larger landscape-scale development plans, such as building of harbours, breakwaters or other construction in the intertidal areas in the vicinity that may affect volumes of sediment and flow patterns and local currents, as well as changes to river water flows into the area, through construction of upstream barrages that may affect sediment flows to the coast.
3. Identify and engage stakeholders and experts throughout the process
What works and does not work is critically dependent on understanding and responding to the socioeconomic environment. Therefore, stakeholder involvement is essential for sustainable success of a restoration project. Understanding stakeholder perceptions, misconceptions and areas of concern may influence planning. Stakeholder groups should be identified through a stakeholder analysis (Golder & Gawler, 2005), categorising them based on industry, function, socioeconomic factors, and their stance on the restoration project. This classification prepares for potential hurdles and facilitates effective planning. Engage professionals from diverse fields in an interdisciplinary manner to enrich the restoration plan with varied viewpoints and expertise. Additionally, it is vital to promote meaningful engagement through capacity-building endeavours, ensuring that local stakeholders and underrepresented groups possess the knowledge and skills to actively contribute. Capacity development may be necessary to secure agreement among all local communities and authorities concerning several aspects of the restoration project (FAO et al., 2023).
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