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. 41 - 39 ) شاوي، الدعاية والاتصال الجماهيري، مرجع سابق، ص 44 ( (45) William Hosch, “Psychological Warfare,” Encyclopedia Britannica, “accessed August 17, 2024”. https://tinyurl.com/msy23txe. (46) Paul Linebarger, Psychological warfare, (Hauraki Publishing, 2015), 58. (47) Rune Ottosen, “PSYOPS or Journalism? Norwegian Information Warfare in Afghanistan,” in From Theory to Practice: How to Asses and Apply Impartiality in News and Current Affairs, Leon Barkho, ed., (Bristol: Intellect Books, 2013), 73. (48) Irwin Mansdorf, “The Evolution of Arab Psychological Warfare: Towards ´Nonviolence´as a Political Strategy,” Israel Affairs, Vol. 20, No. 4, (2015), 649. (49) Ron Schleifer, Psychological Warfare in the Arab-Israeli Conflict, (New York, NY: Palgrave Macmillan, 2014(, 1. (50) Joseph Nye, Soft Power: The Means to Success in World Politics, (New York: Public Affairs, 2005), x. (51) Schleifer, Psychological Warfare in the Arab-Israeli Conflict, 1. (52) Ibid, 1. (53) Federal Research Division, An Overview of Psychological Operations (PSYOP), (Washington, DC: Library of Congress,(1989, 3. (54) Ibid, 2-3. (55) Ibid, 2-3. (56) United States Joint Chiefs of Staff, Dictionary of Military and Associated Terms, (Washington: GPO, 1984), 293. (57) Ibid, 293. (58) Headquarters, Department of the Army, Psychological Operations Tactics, Techniques, and Procedures, “accessed October 15, 2024”. https://tinyurl. com/3ks8sup3.
(59) Dictionary of Military and Associated Terms, 293. (60) An Overview of Psychological Operations, 2-3.
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