العدد 5 – يناير/كانون الثاني 2025

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(43) “Quakebot,” Slate, March 17, 2014, accessed June 2, 2024”. http://www. slate.com. (44) Kostas Gemenis, “Artificial Intelligence and Voting Advice Applications,” Frontiers in Political Science, Vol. 6, (2024), “accessed June 2, 2024”. https://tinyurl.com/3tmjbvek. (45) Nicholas Diakopoulos, “Predictive Journalism: On the Role of Computational Prospection in News Media,” Tow Center for Digital Journalism, (June 1, 2022), “accessed June 2, 2024”. https://tinyurl.com/5n6pmtfb. (46) Ibid. (47) Noémi Bontridder, Yves Poullet, “The Role of Artificial Intelligence in Disinformation,” Data & Policy, Vol. 3, (2021): 32. (48) Joshua Tucker et al., “Social Media, Political Polarization, and Political Disinformation,” A Review of the Scientific Literature, March 19, 2018, “accessed June 2, 2024”. https://tinyurl.com/mutw92yz. (49) Nir Grinberg, “Fake News on Twitter During the 2016 US Presidential Election,” Science, Vol. 363, No. 6425, (2019): 374-378. (50) Anna Klyueva, “Trolls, Bots, and Whatnots: Deceptive Content, Deception Detection, and Deception Suppression,” in Handbook of Research on Deception, Fake News, and Misinformation online, (IGI Global, 2019), 19. (51) Ibid, 21. (52) Andrew M. Guess, Benjamin A. Lyons, “Misinformation, Disinformation, and Online Propaganda,” in Social Media and Democracy: The State of the Field and Prospects for Reform, eds. Nathanial Persily, Joshua Tucker, (London: Cambridge University Press, 2020), 37. (53) Julius Endert, “Tackling Disinformation: A Learning Guide. Generative AI is the ultimate disinformation amplifier,” akademie.dw.com, March 26, 2024, “accessed June 2, 2024”. https://tinyurl.com/2evfvwny. (54) Guess, Lyons, “Misinformation, Disinformation, and Online Propaganda,”: 39. (55) Endert, “Tackling Disinformation: A Learning Guide,” op, cit. (56) Katarina Kertysova, “Artificial Intelligence and Disinformation: How AI Changes the Way Disinformation is Produced, Disseminated, and Can be

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