THE FUNDAMENTALS OF TAXATION
2022 04-MT-00005-0 978-621-04-2441-6 BS Business Administration
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8. Tax distinguished from debt ......................... 9. Taxes not generally subject to set-off ........... 10. Tax distinguished from other terms............. 11. Concept of power of eminent domain......... 12. Concept of police power................................ 13. Similarities among taxation, eminent 14. Distinctions among the three powers .......... 15. Taxation and public finance .......................... domain, and police power....................
24 25 26 27 28 28 29 31 32 31 32 33
SCAN ME
CONTENTS
CONTENTS
Preface ................................................................................
v
C. Limitations on the Power of Taxation
Chapter I GENERAL PRINCIPLES
1. Extent of its power.......................................... 2. Limitations classified ..................................... 3. Enumeration of the limitations..................... 4. Requirement of due process of law..............
A. Concept, Nature, and Characteristics of Taxation and Taxes
5. Requirement of equal protection
1. Meaning of taxation ....................................... 2. Scope, purpose, and rationale of taxation... 3. Meaning of taxes............................................. 4. Essential characteristics of tax ...................... 5. Theory and basis of taxation ......................... 6. Nature of the power of taxation ................... 7. Aspects of taxation/taxation system ........... 8. Extent of the legislative power to tax .......... 9. Non-revenue objectives of taxation ............. 10. Basic principles of a sound tax system ........ 11. Errors on the part of tax officials ..................
1 1 2 2 5 7 8 8
of the laws ...............................................
35
6. Requirement of uniformity and equity
in taxation................................................
38
7. Prohibition against imprisonment
for non-payment of poll tax..................
43
8. Prohibition against impairment
of obligation of contracts..............................
43
9. Prohibition against infringement
11 13 15
of religious freedom ......................................
44
10. Prohibition against appropriation
for religious purposes............................
45
11. Prohibition against taxation of religious,
B. Classifications and Distinctions
charitable, and educational entities, etc. 46
1. Classifications of taxes ...................................
15
12. Prohibition against taxation of non-stock, non-profit educational institutions...... 13. Other constitutional limitations ................... 14. Requirement of public purpose ....................
2. Regressive/progressive system
48 49 50
of taxation ...............................................
20 20 21
3. Tax distinguished from toll ........................... 4. Tax distinguished from penalty....................
15. Prohibition against delegation of
5. Tax distinguished from special
taxing power ...........................................
52
assessment...............................................
21
16. Exemption of government agencies
6. Tax distinguished from license
or instrumentalities................................
55 56 57
or permit fee............................................
22 23 24 25 26 27 28 28 29 31
17. Limitation of international comity ............... 18. Limitation of territorial jurisdiction.............
vii 7. Importance of the distinctions ...................... 8. Tax distinguished from debt ......................... 9. Taxes not generally subject to set-off ........... 10. Tax distinguished from other terms............. 11. Concept of power of eminent domain......... 12. Concept of police power................................ 13. Similarities among taxation, eminent 14. Distinctions among the three powers .......... 15. Taxation and public finance .......................... domain, and police power....................
viii
D. Situs of Taxation and Double Taxation
1. Meaning of situs of taxation.......................... 2. Situs of subjects of taxation ........................... 3. Multiplicity of situs ........................................ 4. Meaning of double taxation ..........................
58 58 60 60 61 62
5. Instances of double taxation
in its broad sense....................................
6. Constitutionality of double taxation............
C. Limitations on the Power of Taxation
E. Forms of Escape from Taxation
1. Extent of its power.......................................... 2. Limitations classified ..................................... 3. Enumeration of the limitations..................... 4. Requirement of due process of law..............
32 31 32 33
1. In general .........................................................
63
2. Relations among impact, shifting,
and incidence of a tax ............................
64 66 66 66 67 67 68 69 69
3. Meaning of shifting ........................................ 4. Meaning of impact of taxation...................... 5. Meaning of incidence of taxation ................. 6. Direct tax cannot be shifted........................... 7. Kinds of shifting ............................................. 8. Meaning of capitalization.............................. 9. Meaning of transformation ........................... 10. Meaning of tax evasion ..................................
5. Requirement of equal protection
of the laws ...............................................
35
6. Requirement of uniformity and equity
50
in taxation................................................
38
7. Prohibition against imprisonment
for non-payment of poll tax..................
43
8. Prohibition against impairment
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