2024 Criminology Catalog

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Criminal Law 1 The Revised Penal Code (Book I)

This is more than just a textbook. It is intended to be part of the students’ journey toward achieving their goal of becoming licensed criminologists. It lays the foundation of criminal law in its simplest form for students to easily understand. It aspires to give them the experience of a deep, well-entrenched understanding of every theory and case problem that will remain until they reach the criminology board examination. This textbook further desires to inspire and ignite the curiosity of students in order to motivate and excite them to proceed to the next level, that is, Criminal Law Book II.

ABOUT THE AUTHOR

ATTY. ANDRIX D. DOMINGO, CPA, MBA

He is a certified public accountant and a member of the Integrated Bar of the Philippines. He also has a Master in Business Administration degree. Atty. Domingo also has extensive experience in the academe and law practice. He is a reviewer in the subjects Criminal Law and Regulatory Frameworks for Business Transactions (formerly Business Laws), at various review schools and undergraduate review courses nationwide. He is also a former professor at two law schools. He also currently holds an appointment as Attorney V and is designated as an investigating officer and a hearing officer of the Legal Services Division of the Civil Service Commission.

CRIMINAL LAW 1 THE REVISED PENAL CODE (BOOK I)

The Vienna Convention on Diplomatic Relations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22 True or False ................................................. 23 Multiple Choice . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25

Title One – FELONIES AND CIRCUMSTANCES

2023 04-RC-00033-0 978-621-04-4824-5 WHICH AFFECT CRIMINAL LIABILITY . . . . . . . . . . . . . 31 CHAPTER I. Felonies .......................................... 31 Article 3. Definitions ........................................ 31 What Is Felonious? ........................................... 31 ElementsofFelonies.......................................... 31 “Actus Non Facit Reum, Nisi Mens Sit Rea” ........................ 32 What Is “Mens Rea” ? ......................................... 32 ClassificationofFelonies....................................... 32 Malice...................................................... 34 Motive ..................................................... 34 Intentional Crimes vs. Criminal Negligence . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 38 Article 4. Criminal liability .................................. 40 Factors Affecting Criminal Liability . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 42 What Is Proximate Cause? ..................................... 43 Error in Personae ............................................. 47 Praeter Intentionem .......................................... 49 Mistake of Fact . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 50 WhatIs“Information”?........................................ 53 Impossible Crime ............................................. 53 What Is Legal Impossibility? .................................... 55 What Is Factual or Physical Impossibility? ......................... 55 Article 5. Duty of the court in connection with acts which should be repressed but which are not covered by the law, and in cases of excessive penalties ............ 60 BS Criminology, BS Forensic Science, BS Industrial Security Management Article 6. Consummated, frustrated, and attempted felonies ..... 64 Basic Rules on the Three Stages of Crimes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 65 When Is Crime Frustrated? ..................................... 68 AttemptedFelonies........................................... 71 WhatIsOvertorExternalAct?.................................. 71 PreparatoryActs............................................. 72 Frustrated Felony vs. Attempted Felony . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 75 Intent to Kill . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 78 Article 7. When light felonies are punishable . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 81 What Are Light Felonies? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 82 Examples of Light Felonies . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 82 Article 8. Conspiracy and proposal to commit felony . . . . . . . . . . . . 84 Conspiracy .................................................. 84 Proposal to Commit Felony .................................... 84 EssenceofConspiracy......................................... 84 ElementsofConspiracy........................................ 87 Implied Conspiracy ........................................... 91 Co-conspirators May Be Held Liable for Other Crimes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 97 Multiple Conspiracies . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 99 The “wheel” or “circle” conspiracy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 99 The“chain”conspiracy........................................ 100 Article 9. Grave felonies, less grave felonies and light felonies . . . 103 Article 10. Offenses not subject to the provisions of this Code . . . . 105 Special Law .................................................. 106 Life Imprisonment vs. Reclusion Perpetua . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 107 True or False ................................................. 108 Multiple Choice . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 110

SCAN ME

CONTENTS

Preface ............................................................. xviii THE REVISED PENAL CODE – BOOK I Preliminary Title – DATE OF EFFECTIVENESS AND APPLICATION OF THE PROVISIONS OF THIS CODE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 Article 1. Time when Act takes effect . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 What Is a Penal Law? ......................................... 1 Classes of Injuries . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2 Mala In Se vs. Mala Prohibita ................................... 4 What Is Proof beyond Reasonable Doubt? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4 CriminalActionvs.CivilAction.................................. 6 Ex Post Facto Lawvs.BillofAttainder............................ 6 Classical Theory .............................................. 8 Positivist Theory . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8 Utilitarian Theory . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9 Equipoise Doctrine or Equipoise Rule . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9 In Dubio Pro Reo ............................................. 11 RuleofLenity................................................ 12 The Pro Reo Doctrine in Criminal Law ............................ 12 Finality-of-AcquittalDoctrine................................... 12 DoubleJeopardy............................................. 15 Article 2. Application of its provisions ........................ 19 Territoriality Principle ......................................... 19 Extraterritoriality Principle ..................................... 20 What Is the Flag State Rule? .................................... 21 The Vienna Convention on Diplomatic Relations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22 True or False ................................................. 23 MultipleChoice.............................................. 25 WHICH AFFECT CRIMINAL LIABILITY . . . . . . . . . . . . . 31 CHAPTER I. Felonies .......................................... 31 Article 3. Definitions ........................................ 31 What Is Felonious? ........................................... 31 ElementsofFelonies.......................................... 31 “Actus Non Facit Reum, Nisi Mens Sit Rea” ........................ 32 What Is “Mens Rea” ? ......................................... 32 ClassificationofFelonies....................................... 32 Malice...................................................... 34 Motive ..................................................... 34 Intentional Crimes vs. Criminal Negligence . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 38 Article 4. Criminal liability .................................. 40 Factors Affecting Criminal Liability . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 42 What Is Proximate Cause? ..................................... 43 Error in Personae ............................................. 47

iii

Title One – FELONIES AND CIRCUMSTANCES

Multiple Choice . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 204

CHAPTER III. Circumstances Which Mitigate

Criminal Liability ............................... 211 Article 13. Mitigating circumstances .......................... 211 Rationale of Mitigating Circumstances . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 212 Ordinary Mitigating Circumstance vs. PrivilegedMitigatingCircumstance.............................. 212 Incomplete Justifying or Exempting Circumstances . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 212 IncompleteSelf-Defense....................................... 214 Under Eighteen Years of Age (Minority) or Over Seventy Years . . . . . . . 219 No Intention to Commit So Grave a Wrong as That Committed ( Praeter Intentionem ) ............................... 223 Sufficient Provocation or Threat . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 227 Immediate Vindication of a Grave Offense . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 230 PassionorObfuscation........................................ 235 Voluntary Surrender and Voluntary Confession of Guilt . . . . . . . . . . . . . 244 Deaf and Dumb, Blind or Otherwise Suffering Some Physical Defect. . . 255 Illness of the Offender. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 256 Any Other Circumstances of a Similar Nature and Analogous to Those Above-Mentioned . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 261 True or False ................................................. 274 Multiple Choice . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 275 CHAPTER IV. Circumstances Which Aggravate Criminal Liability ............................... 280 Article 14. Aggravating circumstances ......................... 280 The List of Aggravating Circumstances Is Exclusive . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 281 Kinds of Aggravating Circumstances . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 282 Advantage Be Taken by the Offender of His Public Position . . . . . . . . . . 285 In Contempt of or With Insult to the Public Authorities . . . . . . . . . . . . . 289 Rank, Age, or Sex, or Dwelling . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 293 Abuse of Confidence or Obvious Ungratefulness . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 313 The Palace of the Chief Executive, or in His Presence, or Where Public Authorities Are Engaged in the Discharge of Their Duties or in a Place Dedicated to Religious Worship . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 316 Nighttime, Uninhabited Place, or by a Band . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 320 Two Tests in Determining Nocturnity ............................ 321 Conflagration, Shipwreck, Earthquake, Epidemic, or Other CalamityorMisfortune........................................ 335 Aid of Armed Men or Persons Who Insure or Afford Impunity . . . . . . . . 336 Four Forms of Repetition . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 342 TheAccusedIsaRecidivist..................................... 342 Reiteracion or Habituality ...................................... 346 Recidivism or Reincidencia vs. Reiteracion ........................ 350 In Consideration of a Price, Promise, or Reward. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 350

CRIMINAL LAW 1 THE REVISED PENAL CODE (BOOK I)

CHAPTER II. Justifying Circumstances and Circumstances

Which Exempt from Criminal Liability ............. 119 Article 11. Justifying circumstances ........................... 119 Rationale for the Shift of the Burden of Evidence . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 120 Self-Defense................................................. 121 What Is Unlawful Aggression? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 122 Elements of Unlawful Aggression . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 122 TwoKindsofUnlawfulAggression............................... 123 Reasonable Necessity of the Means Employed to Prevent or Repel the Aggression . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 126 DoctrineofRationalEquivalence................................ 126 Lack of Sufficient Provocation on the Part of the Person DefendingHimself............................................ 132 Defense of a Relative . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 136 Defense of a Stranger . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 140 Avoidance of Greater Evil or Injury . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 142 Fulfillment of a Duty or in the Lawful Exercise of a Right or Office. . . . . 145 Obedience to an Order Issued by a Superior for Some Lawful Purpose . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 148 Article 12. Circumstances which exempt from criminal liability . . 150 Imbecile or an Insane Person ................................... 151 Test of Cognition . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 163 TestofVolition............................................... 165 Accident.................................................... 169 Accident vs. Self-Defense . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 176 CompulsionofanIrresistibleForce.............................. 176 ImpulseofanUncontrollableFear............................... 181 Prevented by Some Lawful or Insuperable Cause . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 185 Exempting Circumstance of Minority . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 187 Discernment ................................................. 190 WhatIs“Information”......................................... 191 True or False ................................................. 201 Multiple Choice . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 204 CHAPTER III. Circumstances Which Mitigate Criminal Liability ............................... 211 Article 13. Mitigating circumstances .......................... 211 Rationale of Mitigating Circumstances . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 212 Ordinary Mitigating Circumstance vs. PrivilegedMitigatingCircumstance.............................. 212 Incomplete Justifying or Exempting Circumstances . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 212 IncompleteSelf-Defense....................................... 214 Under Eighteen Years of Age (Minority) or Over Seventy Years . . . . . . . 219 No Intention to Commit So Grave a Wrong as That Committed ( Praeter Intentionem ) ............................... 223 Sufficient Provocation or Threat . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 227 Immediate Vindication of a Grave Offense . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 230 PassionorObfuscation........................................ 235 Voluntary Surrender and Voluntary Confession of Guilt . . . . . . . . . . . . . 244 Deaf and Dumb, Blind or Otherwise Suffering Some Physical Defect. . . 255 Illness of the Offender. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 256 Any Other Circumstances of a Similar Nature and Analogous to Those Above-Mentioned . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 261 True or False ................................................. 274 Multiple Choice . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 275

vii

Inundation, Fire, Poison, Explosion, Stranding of a Vessel or Intentional Damage Thereto, Derailment of a Locomotive, or

by the Use of Any Other Artifice Involving Great Waste and Ruin . . . . . 356 Evident Premeditation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 361 Craft, Fraud, or Disguised . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 369 Advantage Be Taken of Superior Strength, or Means Be EmployedtoWeakentheDefense............................... 373 Treachery ................................................... 382 SpuroftheMomentCrime..................................... 388 Ignominy ................................................... 395 UnlawfulEntry............................................... 398 A Wall, Roof, Floor, Door, or Window Be Broken . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 401 Aid of Persons under Fifteen Years of Age, or by Means of Motor Vehicle, Motorized Watercraft, Airships, or Other Similar Means . . . . . 403 Cruelty ..................................................... 409 True or False ................................................. 418 Multiple Choice . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 421

viii

DECREE PENALIZING OBSTRUCTION OF APPREHENSION AND PROSECUTION

OF CRIMINAL (P.D. No. 1829) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 528 True or False ................................................. 536 Title Three – PENALTIES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 538 CHAPTER I. Penalties in General . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 538 Article 21. Penalties that may be imposed . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 538 Article 22. Retroactive effect of penal laws ..................... 538 Prospectivity Principle . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 538 RetroactivityPrinciple......................................... 538 WhoIsaHabitualDelinquent?.................................. 538 Article 23. Effect of pardon by the offended party . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 547 Article 24. Measures of prevention or safety which are not considered penalties . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 549 True or False ................................................. 550 CHAPTER II. Classification of Penalties ......................... 551 Article 25. Penalties which may be imposed . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 551 Reclusion Perpetua vs.LifeImprisonment......................... 552 Article 26. Fine . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 553 True or False ................................................. 554 CHAPTER III. Duration and Effect of Penalties .................. 555 Section 1. Duration of Penalties ............................... 555 Article 27. Reclusion perpetua ................................ 555 Article 28. Computation of penalties .......................... 555 Article 29. Period of preventive imprisonment deducted from term of imprisonment ........................ 556

CRIMINAL LAW 1 THE REVISED PENAL CODE (BOOK I)

CHAPTER V. Alternative Circumstances ........................ 430 Article 15. Their concept ..................................... 430 Relationship................................................. 430 Intoxication ................................................. 436 DegreeofInstructionandEducation............................. 440 AbsolutoryCausesorCircumstances............................. 444 Instigation (Inducement) vs. Entrapment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 447 Buy-BustOperation........................................... 447 Decoy Solicitation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 448 True or False ................................................. 452 Multiple Choice . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 453 Title Two – PERSONS CRIMINALLY LIABLE FORFELONIES...................................456 Article 16. Who are criminally liable .......................... 456 Article 17. Principals ......................................... 458 PrincipalbyDirectParticipation................................. 458 Principal by Inducement ....................................... 465 Principal by Indispensable Cooperation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 475 Article 18. Accomplices ...................................... 480 Conspiratorsvs.Accomplices................................... 482 Article 19. Accessories ....................................... 491 Profiting or Assisting the Offender to Profit . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 492 Concealing or Destroying the Body of the Crime . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 493 Assisting in the Escape of the Principal of the Crime . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 496 Article 20. Accessories who are exempt from criminal liability . . . 501 True or False ................................................. 504 Multiple Choice . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 505 ANTI-FENCING LAW OF 1979 (P.D. No. 1612) ................. 511 True or False ................................................. 525 Multiple Choice . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 526 OF CRIMINAL (P.D. No. 1829) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 528 True or False ................................................. 536 Title Three – PENALTIES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 538 CHAPTER I. Penalties in General . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 538 Article 21. Penalties that may be imposed . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 538 Article 22. Retroactive effect of penal laws ..................... 538 Prospectivity Principle . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 538 RetroactivityPrinciple......................................... 538 WhoIsaHabitualDelinquent?.................................. 538 Article 23. Effect of pardon by the offended party . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 547 Article 24. Measures of prevention or safety which are not considered penalties . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 549 True or False ................................................. 550 DECREE PENALIZING OBSTRUCTION OF APPREHENSION AND PROSECUTION CHAPTER II. Classification of Penalties ......................... 551 Article 25. Penalties which may be imposed . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 551 Reclusion Perpetua vs.LifeImprisonment......................... 552 Article 26. Fine . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 553

Section 2. Effects of the penalties according

to their respective nature ........................... 559

Article 30. Effects of the penalties of perpetual or temporary

absolute disqualification . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 559

Article 31. Effects of the penalties of perpetual or temporary

special disqualification ............................ 561

Article 32. Effects of the penalties of perpetual or temporary special disqualification for the

exercise of the right of suffrage ..................... 561 Absolute Disqualification vs. Special Disqualification . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 563 Article 33. Effects of the penalties of suspension from any public office, profession or calling, or the right of suffrage . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 564 Article 34. Civil interdiction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 564 Article 35. Effects of bond to keep the peace . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 564 Article 36. Pardon; its effects . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 565 Article 37. Cost; What are included . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 566 Article 38. Pecuniary liabilities; Order of payment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 566 Reparation and Indemnification. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 566 Article 39. Subsidiary penalty ................................ 569 Section 3. Penalties in which other accessory penalties are inherent . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 571 Article 40. Death; Its accessory penalties . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 573 Article 41. Reclusion perpetua and reclusion temporal ; Their accessory penalties . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 576 Article 42. Prision mayor ; Its accessory penalties ............... 581 Article 43. Prision correccional ; Its accessory penalties . . . . . . . . . . 582 Article 44. Arresto ; Its accessory penalties ..................... 582 Article 45. Confiscation and forfeiture of the proceeds or instruments of the crime . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 584 True or False ................................................. 585 Multiple Choice . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 587 CHAPTER IV. Application of Penalties ......................... 592 Section 1. Rules for the application of penalties to the persons criminally liable and for the graduation of the same . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 592 Article 46. Penalty to be imposed upon principals in general . . . . . 592

Article 57. Penalty to be imposed upon accessories of an attempted crime . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 628 Article 58. Additional penalty to be imposed upon certain accessories . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 628 Article 59. Penalty to be imposed in case of failure to commit the crime because the means employed or the aims sought are impossible . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 629 Impossible Crime ............................................. 629 Legal Impossibility ............................................ 631 Factual or Physical Impossibility ................................. 631 Article 60. Exceptions to the rules established in Articles 50 to 57 ................................... 633 Article 61. Rules for graduating penalties ...................... 634 Section 2. Rules for the application of penalties with regard to the mitigating and aggravating circumstances, and habitual delinquency . . . . . . . . . . . . . 641 Article 62. Effects of the attendance of mitigating or aggravating circumstances and of habitual delinquency .......... 641 Habitual Delinquent . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 644 HabitualDelinquencyvs.Recidivism............................. 644 Article 63. Rules for the application of indivisible penalties . . . . . . 645 Article 64. Rules for the application of penalties which contain three periods .............................. 652 Article 65. Rule in cases in which the penalty is not composed of three periods ......................... 659 Article 66. Imposition of fines ................................ 663 Article 67. Penalty to be imposed when not all the requisites of exemption of the fourth circumstance of Article 12 are present ....................................... 664 eighteen years of age .............................. 665 A Child 15 Years of Age or under at the Time of the Commission of the Offense Shall Be Exempt from Criminal Liability . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 665 What Is Discernment? ......................................... 668 Article 69. Penalty to be imposed when the crime committed is not wholly excusable ............................ 673 Incomplete Justification . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 673 Article 68. Penalty to be imposed upon a person under Article 70. Successive service of sentences . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 677 Article 71. Graduated scales .................................. 681 Article 72. Preference in the payment of the civil liabilities ...... 685 Section 3. Provisions common in the last two preceding sections ................................. 685 Article 73. Presumption in regard to the imposition of accessory penalties ................................ 685 Article 74. Penalty higher than reclusion perpetua in certain cases . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 686 Article 75. Increasing or reducing the penalty of fine by one or more degrees ................................... 689 Article 76. Legal period of duration of divisible penalties . . . . . . . . 690 Article 77. When the penalty is a complex one composed of three distinct penalties ............................ 692 What Is a Complex Penalty? .................................... 692 True or False ................................................. 692 Multiple Choice . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 693

CRIMINAL LAW 1 THE REVISED PENAL CODE (BOOK I)

Article 45. Confiscation and forfeiture of the proceeds or instruments of the crime . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 584 True or False ................................................. 585 Multiple Choice . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 587 CHAPTER IV. Application of Penalties ......................... 592 Section 1. Rules for the application of penalties to the persons criminally liable and for the graduation of the same . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 592 Article 46. Penalty to be imposed upon principals in general . . . . . 592 Article 47. In what cases the death penalty shall not be imposed; Automatic Review of Death Penalty Cases . . 594 Article 48. Penalty for complex crimes ......................... 596 Two Kinds of Complex Crimes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 596 Concept of a Complex Crime . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 597 Composite Crime (Special Complex Crime) vs. Complex or Compound Crime .................................. 599 Delito Continuado or “Continued Crime” or “Continuous Crime”. . . . . . 614 “SingleLarceny”Doctrine...................................... 616 Article 49. Penalty to be imposed upon the principals when the crime committed is different from that intended . . 616 Article 50. Penalty to be imposed upon principals of a frustrated crime . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 619 Article 51. Penalty to be imposed upon principals of attempted crimes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 620 Article 52. Penalty to be imposed upon accomplices in a consummated crime ............................... 622 Article 53. Penalty to be imposed upon accessories to the commission of a consummated felony ............... 624 Article 54. Penalty to be imposed upon accomplices in a frustrated crime . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 626 Article 55. Penalty to be imposed upon accessories of a frustrated crime . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 628 Article 56. Penalty to be imposed upon accomplices in an attempted crime . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 628 Article 57. Penalty to be imposed upon accessories of an attempted crime . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 628 Article 58. Additional penalty to be imposed upon certain accessories . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 628 Article 59. Penalty to be imposed in case of failure to commit the crime because the means employed or the aims sought are impossible . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 629 Impossible Crime ............................................. 629 Legal Impossibility ............................................ 631 Factual or Physical Impossibility ................................. 631 Article 60. Exceptions to the rules established in Articles 50 to 57 ................................... 633 Article 61. Rules for graduating penalties ...................... 634 Section 2. Rules for the application of penalties with regard to the mitigating and aggravating circumstances, and habitual delinquency . . . . . . . . . . . . . 641 Article 62. Effects of the attendance of mitigating or aggravating circumstances and of habitual delinquency .......... 641 Habitual Delinquent . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 644 HabitualDelinquencyvs.Recidivism............................. 644

xiii

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xiv

Article 94. Partial extinction of criminal liability ............... 763 Article 95. Obligation incurred by a person granted conditional pardon ................................ 763 Pardon ..................................................... 764 Conditional Pardon . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 764 Article 96. Effect of commutation of sentence . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 764 Article 97. Allowance for good conduct ........................ 765 Article 98. Special time allowance for loyalty . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 767 Article 99. Who grants time allowances . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 767 True or False ................................................. 768 Title Five – CIVIL LIABILITY . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 769 CHAPTER I. Persons Civilly Liable for Felonies .................. 769 Article 100. Civil liability of a person guilty of felony . . . . . . . . . . . 769 Article 101. Rules regarding civil liability in certain cases ....... 790 Article 102. Subsidiary civil liability of innkeepers, tavern-keepers and proprietors of establishments . . . . 793

CRIMINAL LAW 1 THE REVISED PENAL CODE (BOOK I)

Article 103. Subsidiary civil liability of other persons . . . . . . . . . . . 793 True or False ................................................. 800 Multiple Choice . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 801 CHAPTER II. What Civil Liability Includes ..................... 804 Article 104. What is included in civil liability .................. 804 Article 105. Restitution; How made . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 806 Article 106. Reparation; How made . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 808 Article 107. Indemnification; What is included . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 808 Article 108. Obligation to make restoration, reparation for damages, or indemnification for consequential damages and action to demand the same — Upon whom it devolves ........................... 809 Article 109. Share of each person civilly liable . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 809 Article 110. Several and subsidiary liability of principals, accomplices, and accessories of felony — Preference in payment ............................ 810 Article 111. Obligation to make restitution in a certain case . . . . . . 810 True or False ................................................. 815 Multiple Choice . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 816 CHAPTER III. Extinction and Survival of Civil Liability .......... 819 Article 112. Extinction of civil liability ........................ 819 Article 113. Obligation to satisfy civil liability ................. 819 True or False ................................................. 821 PROBATION LAW OF 1976 (P.D. No. 968, as amended by R.A. No. 10707) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 822 True or False ................................................. 883 Multiple Choice . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 884

CHAPTER V. Execution and Service of Penalties ................. 698 Section 1. General Provisions ................................... 698 Article 78. When and how a penalty is to be executed ........... 698 Article 79. Suspension of the execution and service of the penalties in case of insanity . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 699 SECTION 2. Execution of principal penalties .................... 699 (Note: Articles 80 to 85 are rendered inoperative by R.A. No. 9346.) Article 86. Reclusion perpetua, reclusion temporal, prision mayor, prision correccional and arresto mayor ....... 699 Article 87. Destierro ......................................... 699 Article 88. Arresto menor . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 699 True or False ................................................. 700 INDETERMINATE SENTENCE LAW (Act No. 4103, as amended ) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 701 True or False ................................................. 732 Multiple Choice . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 733 Title Four – EXTINCTION OF CRIMINAL LIABILITY . . . . . . . . . . . . 735 CHAPTER I. Total Extinction of Criminal Liability ............... 735 Article 89. How criminal liability is totally extinguished . . . . . . . . 735 Article 90. Prescription of crime .............................. 746 WhatIsPrescriptionofCrime?.................................. 746 Article 91. Computation of prescription of offenses ............. 749 Article 92. When and how penalties prescribe . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 755 Article 93. Computation of the prescription of penalties ......... 756 True or False ................................................. 759 Multiple Choice . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 760 CHAPTER II. Partial Extinction of Criminal Liability ............ 763 Article 94. Partial extinction of criminal liability ............... 763 Article 95. Obligation incurred by a person granted conditional pardon ................................ 763 Pardon ..................................................... 764 Conditional Pardon . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 764 Article 96. Effect of commutation of sentence . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 764 Article 97. Allowance for good conduct ........................ 765 Article 98. Special time allowance for loyalty . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 767 Article 99. Who grants time allowances . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 767 True or False ................................................. 768 Title Five – CIVIL LIABILITY . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 769 CHAPTER I. Persons Civilly Liable for Felonies .................. 769 Article 100. Civil liability of a person guilty of felony . . . . . . . . . . . 769 Article 101. Rules regarding civil liability in certain cases ....... 790 Article 102. Subsidiary civil liability of innkeepers, tavern-keepers and proprietors of establishments . . . . 793 Article 103. Subsidiary civil liability of other persons . . . . . . . . . . . 793 True or False ................................................. 800 Multiple Choice . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 801 CHAPTER II. What Civil Liability Includes ..................... 804 Article 104. What is included in civil liability .................. 804

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Index ............................................................... 888

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This newly developed textbook, crafted in line with the advent of newly developed curriculum, features the basics of criminological research and statistics. This includes the value and importance of research, the foundation of criminological research, and a guide to writing a research paper when it comes to developing a problem and collecting and gathering primary data, secondary sources, journal articles, and other sources. It also includes writing a thesis introduction, framework, statement of the problem, significance and limitation, related literature, research design, instrument or data gathering tools, sampling and population, instrument, and data collection, and the statistical tools needed. In addition, the importance of statistics, percentage, mean, median, mode, and standard deviation, and other tests are partly introduced. Similarly, the authors covered topics like proposed research title presentation and defense, and lastly, the basic concepts of research ethics and plagiarism. Criminological Research and Statistics I: A Textbook for Criminology Students

ABOUT THE AUTHOR

DR. GERRY J. CAÑO

He is a criminologist by profession, with strong linkages among criminologists in the Philippines and abroad. He is a member of the American Society of Criminology and the Asian Criminological Society, and is the convenor of the 11th Asian Criminology Society Conference. He is also a member of the International Society of Criminology, the Commission on Higher Education (CHED) Technical Panel for Criminal Justice Education, and the Professional Regulation Commission’s Continuing Professional Development Council of Criminology. Dr. Caño is the Dean of the College of Criminology, PHINMA Cagayan de Oro College (COC).

DR. RICHARD T. CAMARA

He is a registered criminologist (License Number 0008025). He is a full-blooded criminology academician and he has worked in the academe for more than 20 years. In 2013, he graduated with a degree in Doctor of Philosophy in Criminal Justice, Specialization in Criminology from the University of Mindanao, Davao City. He took up his Master of Science in Criminology, major in Police Science at the PHINMA Cagayan de Oro College in 2003 and his Bachelor of Science in Criminology at the University of Mindanao in 1998.

DR. LAURENCE P. BAZAN

He is currently the Dean of the College of Criminal Justice Education, North Eastern Mindanao State University, Cantilan Campus, Cantilan, Surigao Del Sur. He completed his PhD degree in 2014 at the Philippine College of Criminology, Sta. Cruz, Metro Manila. He took up his MS in Criminology at Cagayan de Oro College, Cagayan, in 2007, his MBA in 1998, and his BS in Criminology in 1996.

CRIMINOLOGICAL RESEARCH AND STATISTICS I: A TEXTBOOK FOR CRIMINOLOGY STUDENTS

2023 04-RC-00024-0 978-621-04-4816-0 BS Criminology 2 FOUNDATION OF CRIMINOLOGICAL RESEARCH CHAPTER Summary of Key Concepts . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .27 KeyTakeaways.............................................................27 Chapter Assessment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .28 ChapterProject.............................................................30 IndustryCareerinFocus......................................................30 Chapter 1 References. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .31 Chapter Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .33 Lesson 2.1 Definition of Terms .................................................34 LearningOutcomes..........................................................34 LearningObjectives..........................................................34 Practice Exercises. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .38 Connection and Applications. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .39 Summary of Key Concepts . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .41 Lesson2.2PartsofThesis ....................................................42 LearningOutcomes..........................................................42 LearningObjectives..........................................................42 Practice Exercises. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .54 Connection and Applications. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .55 Summary of Key Concepts . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .57 Lesson 2.3 Different Types of Research Methods. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .58 LearningOutcomes..........................................................58 LearningObjectives..........................................................58 Practice Exercises. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .61 Connection and Applications. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .62 Summary of Key Concepts . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .64 KeyTakeaways.............................................................64 Chapter Assessment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .65 ChapterProject.............................................................66 IndustryCareerinFocus......................................................66 Chapter 2 References. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .67 3 GUIDE IN WRITING RESEARCH PAPER CHAPTER Chapter Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .69 Lesson 3.1 APA Rules 7th Edition. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .70 LearningOutcomes..........................................................70 LearningObjectives..........................................................70 Practice Exercises. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .78 Connection and Applications. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .79 Summary of Key Concepts . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .81 Lesson 3.2 Ethical Issues in Research Writing. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .82 LearningOutcomes..........................................................82 LearningObjectives..........................................................82 Practice Exercises. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .93 Connection and Applications. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .94 Summary of Key Concepts . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .96 KeyTakeaways.............................................................97 Chapter Assessment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .99 ChapterProject............................................................100 IndustryCareerinFocus.....................................................100 Chapter 3 References. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .101 iv

SCAN ME

CONTENTS

Preface . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .xiii Acknowledgment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . xv 1 THE VALUE AND IMPORTANCE OF RESEARCH CHAPTER Chapter Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1 Lesson1.1TheValueofResearch...............................................2 LearningOutcomes...........................................................2 LearningObjectives...........................................................2 Practice Exercises. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .5 Connection and Applications. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .6 SummaryofKeyConcepts.....................................................8 Lesson1.2TheImportanceofResearch ..........................................9 LearningOutcomes...........................................................9 LearningObjectives...........................................................9 Practice Exercises. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .14 Connection and Applications. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .15 SummaryofKeyConcepts....................................................17 Lesson1.3TheTypesofResearch..............................................18 LearningOutcomes..........................................................18 LearningObjectives..........................................................18 Practice Exercises. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .24 Connection and Applications. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .25 2 FOUNDATION OF CRIMINOLOGICAL RESEARCH CHAPTER Summary of Key Concepts . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .27 KeyTakeaways.............................................................27 Chapter Assessment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .28 ChapterProject.............................................................30 IndustryCareerinFocus......................................................30 Chapter 1 References. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .31 Chapter Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .33 Lesson 2.1 Definition of Terms .................................................34 LearningOutcomes..........................................................34 LearningObjectives..........................................................34 Practice Exercises. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .38 Connection and Applications. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .39 Summary of Key Concepts . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .41 Lesson2.2PartsofThesis ....................................................42 LearningOutcomes..........................................................42 LearningObjectives..........................................................42

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