Multiple Choice . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 204
CHAPTER III. Circumstances Which Mitigate
Criminal Liability ............................... 211 Article 13. Mitigating circumstances .......................... 211 Rationale of Mitigating Circumstances . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 212 Ordinary Mitigating Circumstance vs. PrivilegedMitigatingCircumstance.............................. 212 Incomplete Justifying or Exempting Circumstances . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 212 IncompleteSelf-Defense....................................... 214 Under Eighteen Years of Age (Minority) or Over Seventy Years . . . . . . . 219 No Intention to Commit So Grave a Wrong as That Committed ( Praeter Intentionem ) ............................... 223 Sufficient Provocation or Threat . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 227 Immediate Vindication of a Grave Offense . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 230 PassionorObfuscation........................................ 235 Voluntary Surrender and Voluntary Confession of Guilt . . . . . . . . . . . . . 244 Deaf and Dumb, Blind or Otherwise Suffering Some Physical Defect. . . 255 Illness of the Offender. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 256 Any Other Circumstances of a Similar Nature and Analogous to Those Above-Mentioned . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 261 True or False ................................................. 274 Multiple Choice . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 275 CHAPTER IV. Circumstances Which Aggravate Criminal Liability ............................... 280 Article 14. Aggravating circumstances ......................... 280 The List of Aggravating Circumstances Is Exclusive . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 281 Kinds of Aggravating Circumstances . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 282 Advantage Be Taken by the Offender of His Public Position . . . . . . . . . . 285 In Contempt of or With Insult to the Public Authorities . . . . . . . . . . . . . 289 Rank, Age, or Sex, or Dwelling . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 293 Abuse of Confidence or Obvious Ungratefulness . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 313 The Palace of the Chief Executive, or in His Presence, or Where Public Authorities Are Engaged in the Discharge of Their Duties or in a Place Dedicated to Religious Worship . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 316 Nighttime, Uninhabited Place, or by a Band . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 320 Two Tests in Determining Nocturnity ............................ 321 Conflagration, Shipwreck, Earthquake, Epidemic, or Other CalamityorMisfortune........................................ 335 Aid of Armed Men or Persons Who Insure or Afford Impunity . . . . . . . . 336 Four Forms of Repetition . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 342 TheAccusedIsaRecidivist..................................... 342 Reiteracion or Habituality ...................................... 346 Recidivism or Reincidencia vs. Reiteracion ........................ 350 In Consideration of a Price, Promise, or Reward. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 350
CRIMINAL LAW 1 THE REVISED PENAL CODE (BOOK I)
CHAPTER II. Justifying Circumstances and Circumstances
Which Exempt from Criminal Liability ............. 119 Article 11. Justifying circumstances ........................... 119 Rationale for the Shift of the Burden of Evidence . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 120 Self-Defense................................................. 121 What Is Unlawful Aggression? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 122 Elements of Unlawful Aggression . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 122 TwoKindsofUnlawfulAggression............................... 123 Reasonable Necessity of the Means Employed to Prevent or Repel the Aggression . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 126 DoctrineofRationalEquivalence................................ 126 Lack of Sufficient Provocation on the Part of the Person DefendingHimself............................................ 132 Defense of a Relative . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 136 Defense of a Stranger . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 140 Avoidance of Greater Evil or Injury . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 142 Fulfillment of a Duty or in the Lawful Exercise of a Right or Office. . . . . 145 Obedience to an Order Issued by a Superior for Some Lawful Purpose . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 148 Article 12. Circumstances which exempt from criminal liability . . 150 Imbecile or an Insane Person ................................... 151 Test of Cognition . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 163 TestofVolition............................................... 165 Accident.................................................... 169 Accident vs. Self-Defense . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 176 CompulsionofanIrresistibleForce.............................. 176 ImpulseofanUncontrollableFear............................... 181 Prevented by Some Lawful or Insuperable Cause . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 185 Exempting Circumstance of Minority . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 187 Discernment ................................................. 190 WhatIs“Information”......................................... 191 True or False ................................................. 201 Multiple Choice . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 204 CHAPTER III. Circumstances Which Mitigate Criminal Liability ............................... 211 Article 13. Mitigating circumstances .......................... 211 Rationale of Mitigating Circumstances . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 212 Ordinary Mitigating Circumstance vs. PrivilegedMitigatingCircumstance.............................. 212 Incomplete Justifying or Exempting Circumstances . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 212 IncompleteSelf-Defense....................................... 214 Under Eighteen Years of Age (Minority) or Over Seventy Years . . . . . . . 219 No Intention to Commit So Grave a Wrong as That Committed ( Praeter Intentionem ) ............................... 223 Sufficient Provocation or Threat . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 227 Immediate Vindication of a Grave Offense . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 230 PassionorObfuscation........................................ 235 Voluntary Surrender and Voluntary Confession of Guilt . . . . . . . . . . . . . 244 Deaf and Dumb, Blind or Otherwise Suffering Some Physical Defect. . . 255 Illness of the Offender. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 256 Any Other Circumstances of a Similar Nature and Analogous to Those Above-Mentioned . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 261 True or False ................................................. 274 Multiple Choice . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 275
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Inundation, Fire, Poison, Explosion, Stranding of a Vessel or Intentional Damage Thereto, Derailment of a Locomotive, or
by the Use of Any Other Artifice Involving Great Waste and Ruin . . . . . 356 Evident Premeditation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 361 Craft, Fraud, or Disguised . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 369 Advantage Be Taken of Superior Strength, or Means Be EmployedtoWeakentheDefense............................... 373 Treachery ................................................... 382 SpuroftheMomentCrime..................................... 388 Ignominy ................................................... 395 UnlawfulEntry............................................... 398 A Wall, Roof, Floor, Door, or Window Be Broken . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 401 Aid of Persons under Fifteen Years of Age, or by Means of Motor Vehicle, Motorized Watercraft, Airships, or Other Similar Means . . . . . 403 Cruelty ..................................................... 409 True or False ................................................. 418 Multiple Choice . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 421
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