In light of these objectives, the study anticipates differentiated impacts on the targeted countries. While the GCC states may be able to contain the direct impact given the limited scale of their trade surplus with the United States, the indirect repercussions are expected to pose greater challenges, particularly due to their implications for global market balances and regional interests. Accordingly, the study argues that enhancing economic and trade coordination among GCC countries, along with greater engagement in alternative trade blocs and partnerships, represents a practical strategy to mitigate the indirect consequences of this US protectionist policy. Keywords: US tariffs, Gulf Cooperation Council, direct and indirect effects, China’s economic rise, liquefied natural gas trade.
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