What Stem Cells Release — A Healing Toolkit MSCs function as living biopharmacies, responding to local environments and releasing tailored therapeutic molecules, including:
Anti-Inflammatory Cytokines
IL-10, TGF- β 1, PGE2 — reduce inflammatory cascades IDO, HLA-G5 — suppress autoimmune responses
Growth and Regeneration Factors
VEGF — blood vessel growth IGF-1, HGF, FGF2 — tissue repair in organs and muscles BDNF, NGF — brain and nerve cell support
Exosomes and MicroRNAs
Tiny vesicles that carry mRNA and regulatory microRNA to damaged cells Reprogram gene activity in injured or inflamed tissue Promote healing without scarring
Mitochondrial Transfer
MSCs can deliver healthy mitochondria to cells under stress Reverses energy deficits, particularly in muscle, kidney, and brain tissue
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