Listening
Grammar in context 2
3a Read the text and complete the sentences (1–7) with the correct forms of the verbs.
4 Read the situations and write sentences in the third conditional. 1 It was hot and we were thirsty because we didn’t take any water with us. If we had taken water with us, we wouldn’t have been thirsty. 2 My uncle studied history at university because it was his favourite subject. 3 They won the elections because people liked their policies. 4 I didn’t sing the national anthem because I didn’t know the words. 5 I only went to the exhibition because you recommended it. 6 We didn’t know how to do it until you helped us. 7 He failed the test because he didn’t practise. 8 We arrived late because we missed the bus. 9 I only went to see the band because my sister likes them. 10 I was tired. That’s why I went to bed early. 5 Complete each sentence in the third conditional. 1 If I’d been old enough to vote in the last elections, … 2 If I had discovered some important treasure last summer, … 3 If I’d grown up as a small child in the US, … 4 If I had felt ill this morning, … 5 If I had appeared in a famous film at the age of five, … Lorem ipsum 6 If I had seen a crime on the way to school, … 7 If I had been born a hundred years ago, … speaking Ask and answer these questions. 6
speaking Describe this picture from the lost city of Pompeii in Italy. What do you think it shows?
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Flipped classroom video watch the Grammar Presentation video
Third conditional
THE SWORD IN THE LAKE
1 Look at these sentences in the third conditional and answer the questions. 1 If it had blown in the other direction, they would have been safe. 2 It wouldn’t have stayed in such great condition if ashes hadn’t covered it. 3 If they hadn’t given their permission, they would have painted over the graffiti. a What tense do we use in the half of the sentence with if ? b What form of the verb do we use in the other half of the sentence? c Does the half of the sentence with if always come first? d How do we know when ’d is had or would ? e Do we use the third conditional for imaginary situations in the present or the past?
An eight-year-old Swedish girl, Saga Vanecek, discovered a sword in a lake in southern Sweden. It was in the summer of 2018. It had been warm and there wasn’t much water in the lake. That’s why it was quite easy to find. Saga’s father had asked her to get something close to the water. That’s why she went to the lake. She started playing in the water and that’s when she saw something that looked like a sword. She picked it up and showed it to her dad. Her dad was impatient because he wanted to watch a football match. But he was interested in what Saga had discovered. Saga’s father didn’t watch the football in the end. He took the sword to a neighbour who realised it was an important discovery. In the end, they took it to the local museum. Experts were amazed because the sword was about 1,500 years old! Saga couldn’t tell her friends about the discovery because they were afraid treasure hunters might have come to look for other old objects and take them away. Local people are joking that Saga should become the Queen of Sweden!
70 Listen to a radio programme about Pompeii. What do they say about the picture in 1? You are going to do an activity where you listen and complete gaps in some notes with the word(s) you hear. How can it help you to read the notes before you listen? Exam tip 70 Listen again and complete the notes with between one and three words or numbers. Mount Vesuvius erupted on (a) in the year 79 CE. The day before, there had been a festival for the Roman god of (b) . The god’s name gave us the modern word (c) . More than (d) people died that day. The (e) was unusual on the day of the eruption, which made the consequences much worse. It was in the year (f ) that people tried to discover more about the city of Pompeii after it had been hidden for years. On some bread from Pompeii you can see a (g) made by the baker. The expert says that the graffiti in Pompeii is similar to a modern (h) . Some graffiti tries to persuade you to (i) for somebody in a future event. Graffiti usually appears on the houses of ( j) . Politicians had to have money to pay for games with gladiators and (k) , as well as bulls and other wild animals.
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2 Choose the correct alternative.
LUCKY DISCOVERIES
1 A group of seven Chinese farmers had/would never have discovered the Terracotta Army if they chose/had chosen somewhere else to try to find water in 1974. 2 If four teenagers hadn’t go/gone for a walk in the forest in 1940 with their dog, they hadn’t/wouldn’t have discovered the Lascaux prehistoric cave paintings. 3 If Luke Irwin hadn’t liked/wouldn’t like table tennis, he would never has/have found an amazing Roman villa next to his house. He was building a special table tennis roomwhen he found some amazing mosaics under the ground. 4 Sir Alexander Fleming wouldn’t have discover/discovered penicillin if he had threw/thrown away the fungus he accidentally created. 5 Today’s knives and forks hadn’t/wouldn’t have existed if Harry Brearley didn’t create/hadn’t created stainless steel by accident in 1913. 6 If Wilhelm Conrad Röntgen has/had wanted to, he could charge/could have charged lots of money for people to use his accidental invention – the X-ray machine. He received the first Nobel Prize in Physics for his invention in 1901. 7 If Percy Spencer hadn’t had/have a chocolate bar in his pocket, he probably would/wouldn’t have invented the microwave oven. He saw that the chocolate bar melted very fast while he was working on a radar machine.
What would you have done if … 1 you had met the President or Prime Minister of your country at the school entrance this morning? 2 your friend had asked to copy your answers in an exam last week? 3 somebody had shouted at you yesterday for something you didn’t do? 4 you had had a terrible headache when you woke up? 5 you had broken your smartphone yesterday? Use it … don’t lose it!
1 If the weather
(be) cooler, there
(be) more water in the lake. (be) more water, Saga (not find) the sword so easily.
2 If there
3 Saga
(not go) to the lake if her father (not ask) her to get something nearby.
4 If she
(not play) in the water, Saga
speaking Individually, write five questions similar to the ones in 6. Then ask your partner your questions.
7
(not see) the sword.
5 Saga’s father
(watch) a football match (not discover) the rare object.
Critical thinkers
if Saga
4
6 If the sword
What would you have done if a friend had asked you to take their dog for a walk yesterday and it had run away?
(not be) so special, they (not take) it to the local museum.
Do you think life is fundamentally similar to, or different from, life in Pompeii as described in the programme? What makes you say that? Use ideas in the listening and/or other facts, opinions and experiences to justify your opinion. Then share your ideas with a partner.
7 It’s possible that treasure hunters (come) to the lake if Saga and her father (make) their discovery public. 3b If you had been Saga, what would you have done when you found the sword?
I would have told my friend what had happened.
Reach higher
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Unit 9
Unit 9
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