Modal verbs of speculation and deduction – Present Grammar reference
Grammar test
Modal verbs of speculation and deduction – Present
To make sentences in the past using modal verbs we use this form: must/may/might/can’t/couldn’t + have + past participle We use must have when we are 90% certain that something was true. We use may have , might have , could have , may not have , mightn’t (might not) have when there is a 50% possibility that something was true (or not). We use can’t have , couldn’t have when we are 90% certain that something was not true. When we are 100% certain that something was or wasn’t true, we do not use modal verbs of speculation and deduction. She didn’t pass her exam. Third conditional If + past perfect, … would/wouldn’t have + past participle If I had seen him, I’d have spoken to him. We wouldn’t have passed our exams if we hadn’t studied. If can go at the start of the sentence or in the middle. If it goes at the start, we must use a comma before the second half of the sentence. We use the third conditional to talk about imaginary or impossible situations in the past and their consequences. The situations are impossible because we cannot change them now that they have happened. If I had done my homework last night (imaginary past situation – it didn’t happen), the teacher wouldn’t have been angry with me. (the consequence). You would have passed your exam if you had worked harder. If I had known your were visiting, I would have cleaned the house!
2 Complete the sentences with must , might or can’t and the correct form of the verb given. 1 You (see) Mike yesterday because he wasn’t here. 2 Somebody called before. It (be) Jack, but I didn’t recognise the voice. 3 The postman (come) early because the letters are already here. 4 It (rain) last night because the roads are wet this morning. 5 It (snow) last night because it isn’t cold enough for snow. 6 Somebody broke a window. Josh (do), but I can’t be sure. 7 Ben (eat) the brownies because he hates chocolate. Modal verbs of speculation and deduction – Past 1 Complete the sentences with must , may or can’t . 1 Sarah be Toby’s sister because she looks totally different. 2 She be German because she’s got a German passport. 3 I don’t know him. He be nice.
4 He
play tennis really well, but I
She must be good at maths because she always gets a 10. She may/might/could/may not/ mightn’t (might not) be good at maths, but I don’t really know.
must
don’t really know.
5 They 6 That
like cats, they’ve got ten! be my notebook because
may/might/ could
it’s red and mine’s yellow.
can’t She can’t be good at maths because her marks are always bad. After these modal verbs we use an infinitive without to . We use must when we are 90% certain something is true. We use may , might , could , may not , mightn’t (might not) when there is a 50% possibility that something is true (or not). We use can’t when we are 90% certain that something is not true. When we are 100% certain that something is or isn’t true, we do not use modal verbs of speculation and deduction. I know she’s good at maths. Modal verbs of speculation and deduction – Past
/ 6 points
3 Complete the sentences with the correct adjective form of these words. care • d oubt • harm • mystery • nature • science • sense • terror 1 There are no clouds at all. It’s that it’ll rain today. 2 He’s a very writer. He makes lots of mistakes. 3 That was a storm. I was quite frightened by it. 4 It isn’t very to go out in the rain without a coat. 5 My hamster is . It doesn’t bite. 6 Wild animals should live in their environment. 7 You have to follow procedures when you work in a laboratory. 8 He disappeared. It was very . Adjective suffixes / 8 points 3 Complete the third conditional sentences with the correct form of these verbs. buy • cook • die • pass • play • send • shine 1 If I my driving test, my parents would have bought me a car. 2 They her a present if they had known she was getting married. 3 If her goldfish , she would have been really sad. 4 The meal would have been better if my dad it. He’s a great cook! 5 If the sun yesterday, we would have gone out. 6 She him an email if she had known his address. 7 They would have won if they a bit better. Third conditional / 7 points Lorem ipsum
She must have done well in her last exam because she was really happy afterwards. She may/might/could/may not/ mightn’t (might not) have passed her exam, but I don’t really know. She can’t/couldn’t have passed her exam because she was really sad afterwards.
must
may/might/ could
/ 7 points
can’t
Vocabulary test
1 Complete the sentences about the US. 1 The is the US dollar ($). 2 The is called the ‘stars and stripes’. 3 Washington DC is the . 4 Barack Obama was a US . 5 The begins ‘Oh say, can you see, by the dawn’s early light’. 6 A/An of the US is an eagle. Countries and nations / 6 points
Vocabulary
1 Countries and nations capital city • c urrency • flag • national anthem • national symbol/emblem • official language • population • royal family (king/queen/prince/princess) 2 Governments campaign • c onstitutional monarchy • democracy • general election • law • member • monarchy • political party • politician • republic • run the country • vote (n., v.)
3 Adjective suffixes artist ic • b eliev able • care ful • care less • colour ful • comfort able • danger ous • doubt ful • doubt less • dramat ic • enjoy able • environment al • fam ous • harm ful • harm less • help ful • help less • hope ful • hope less • hungr y • luck y • mysteri ous • natur al • offici al • pain ful • pain less • scientif ic • sens ible • terr ible • unbeliev able • unluck y • use ful • use less • valu able
Governments
2 Match words from the two boxes then write a simple definition. general • run a • political • official • constitutional • member of
parliament • p arty • monarchy • country • elections • language
/ 6 points
On-the-Go Practice
Total:
/ 40 points
120
121
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