Grammar in context 1
Developing vocabulary
Present perfect simple and past simple
ever, never, for, since, yet, already, just
You are going to do a multiple-choice cloze activity. In this type of activity, you have to choose which answer best fits a space in a sentence or text. What do you think is a good method for this type of activity? Exam tip
Extreme adjectives 1 speaking normal adjectives.
Match the extreme adjectives to the
3a These words are frequently used with the present perfect. Find examples in the text on page 33. Then complete each explanation with the correct word. already • ever • for • just • never • since • yet 1 We can use in questions with the present perfect. It means ‘at any time in your life’. 2 We use with the present perfect to talk about very recent activities. 3 We use with the present perfect to say that something has happened, possibly earlier than we thought. 4 We can use to make negative sentences in the present perfect. It means ‘at no time in your life’. 5 We use and with the present perfect to talk about things that started in the past and continue in the present. We use with periods of time, and with specific moments in time. 6 We use with the present perfect to say that something has not happened, but we think it is going to happen soon. We use it in negative sentences and questions. 3b What is the usual position of the words in 3a in a sentence? 1 Words that go before the past participle:
1a Look at sentences a–d and choose the correct alternatives in 1 and 2. a He arrived in 1964. b She has taken her place in history. c You ’ve seen lots of blue plaques. d He met guitarist Brian May there and they formed a band. 1 We use the present perfect/past simple for actions or experiences which happened at a specific moment in the past, or actions which started and finished in the past. Examples: sentences a/b/c/d 2 We use the present perfect/past simple for actions or experiences which happened at an unspecified moment in the past, actions which started in the past and continue to the present, or past actions which have a result in the present. Examples: sentences a/b/c/d 1b Complete this rule for the formation of the present perfect. has/have +
ancient • b oiling • dreadful/horrible • enormous/huge • filthy • freezing • hideous • hilarious • packed • silent • spotless • stunning • terrifying • tiny Extreme adjectives bad • big • clean • cold • crowded • dirty • frightening • funny • hot • old • quiet • small • beautiful • ugly Normal adjectives
2 Complete the sentences with the correct adjectives from 1.
City Surprises! The city of Harbin in China isn’t cold – it’s (a) ! In the winter, it can be below minus 20°C. They have a (b) ice and snow festival there. Why is it so surprising? Because they have lots of (c) ice sculptures, some over 45 metres high! The city of Edinburgh in Scotland is thinking of banning (d) discos. It seems like it should be impossible to hear anything at these discos because people can only listen to the music through headphones. But people sing and dance so they are still too loud! The city of Plovdiv in Bulgaria isn’t just old. It’s (e) ! It’s over 3,000 years old and one of the oldest cities in the world. At times, some European city centres have been absolutely (f ) with tourists. There are so many in Barcelona, Prague and Venice, for example, that some people there want to limit tourism. Some people say that Hum in Croatia is the smallest city in the world. The population is (g) – only about 20 people. But others say it’s a town, not a city. Lorem ipsum
5 Read the text and decide which answer (a, b, c or d) best fits each gap.
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Giga-mansions posted 6 th August Have you (1) wished that you lived in a mansion? Or how about a mega-mansion? Well, mansions and mega-mansions have (2) become too small for some people. In the last few years, architects have (3) designing homes called giga-mansions for the ultra-rich. One giga-mansion has (4) been in the news because the price is $500 million! That would probably make it the most expensive home in the world. Where is this giga-mansion? Have you guessed (5) ? Yes, it’s in Bel Air, near Los Angeles. When you stand on the roof, you can see the Pacific on one side and the peaceful Los Angeles suburbs on the (6) . But you (7) need to move or go to the busy city centre to have fun. Most people have (8) lived in a house that has a cinema, bowling alley, nightclub and four separate swimming pools. But that’s what you get with this giga-mansion. And if you’re like me, you (9) used to sleeping in the same bedroom each night, but this house has twenty bedrooms so you can sleep in a different room each night if you (10) . And finally, there’s even a room where there are no walls, just tanks of jellyfish!
Check it page 42
2 Complete each sentence with the correct form of the present perfect or past simple.
Mexico City (a) (sink) over 7 metres in the last 100 years because the city is built on an old lake. Since 1950, the population (b) (grow) from about three million people to nearly nine million. That’s not including the metropolitan area, which in 2018 (c) (be) almost 21 million. The city is huge! Air pollution there (d) (get) a bit better in the last few years. But it’s still a problem, partly because the city is at a high altitude so there is less oxygen. In 2015, they (e) (finish) building the city’s highest skyscraper. It’s called the Torre Reforma and has 57 floors. Its special design makes it resistant to earthquakes. The city is home to the UNAM, one of the most famous universities in the world. Many important people (f ) (study) there, including Carlos Slim (one of the richest men in the world), Octavio Paz (Nobel Prize in Literature), and at least six presidents of Mexico. The university’s main campus (g) (become) a UNESCO World Heritage site in 2007. The Metro system, called the STC, (h) (help) people to move around the city more easily since it opened around 1969. It is one of the largest and cheapest underground systems in the world. MEGA MEXICO CITY!
2 Words that go before a time expression:
3 A word that usually goes at the end of the sentence:
Check it page 42
Use it … don’t lose it!
4 Complete the sentences with the present perfect form of these verbs. Put the other word in the correct place in the sentence. already/visit • ever/live • have/for • just/have • love/since • never/live • not finish/yet • not read/yet 1 We haven’t read that novel yet . 2 Kate a tablet one year. 3 My sister London. She went there to study English last summer. 4 Why are you so happy? you some good news? 5 I on a houseboat, but one day I’d like to. 6 We our homework . 7 I English my first lesson. 8 you near the city centre?
1 a yet
b ever
c just c yet
d haven’t d never d started
2 a already b ever
3 a begin 4 a ever 5 a just 6 a side
b began c start
3 Write down one place or thing for each extreme adjective in 1. Use it … don’t lose it!
b just b ever b one
c yesterday d yet
c never c hand c aren’t c never c have c have
d yet
d other d didn’t
speaking Say your places and things in 3 in random order. Can your partner guess the extreme adjective?
4
7 a haven’t b don’t
8 a ever 9 a do
b just b did b can
d yet d are d are
Reach higher
page 137
10 a like
Reach higher
page 137
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Unit 3
Unit 3
35
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