Grammar in context 1
Noun suffixes 1 Look at these words. What do they have in common? direct or • e mploy ee • employ er • scient ist • technic ian Developing vocabulary
1a Read the sentences and complete the rules with the words in bold. 1 The first class shouldn’t need too much mental effort. 2 Students must arrive at 8.25 am. 3 We have to learn these things as we grow up. 4 We mustn’t forget the effect on parents. Modal verbs of obligation, prohibition, advice and permission
3 Look at this information about legal ages in Ireland. Complete the second sentence using the correct form of the word(s) given and any other words.
4a Write rules for your school using must , mustn’t , can , can’t , have to , don’t have to and these verbs.
arrive early • carry ID • cheat in tests • eat or drink in class • participate in class. • put make-up on • use smartphones in class • wear school uniform • wear special clothes for PE
Culture exchange Legal ages in Ireland Did you know …? 1 It is possible to drive a tractor when you’re 16. You 18 to drive a tractor. (have to)
pronunciation 36 Listen to the words in 1. Mark the stress in each word. Which is the only suffix we stress?
2
Write down any other rules at your
4b speaking
school that you can think of.
5 They can’t go home until 3 pm. 6 They can start school at 9 am.
5 Read the text and choose the correct alternative.
3 Match the start of the word to the correct suffix. In some cases more than one suffix is possible. In those cases, what is the difference between the words? econom … • e lectric … • instruct … • journal … • librar … • manag … • photograph … • physic … • politic … • profess … • psycholog … • research … • train … • translat …
7 They think schools ought to start later. 8 They had better sleep eight to nine hours. 9 They don’t have to start lessons until 10 am. a We use and for obligation. b We use when there is no obligation. c We use and for prohibitions or when there is no permission to do something. d We use should / , and for advice and recommendations. e We use to give permission. 1b Are these sentences True (T) or False (F)? 1 The contraction for had better is ’d better . T / F 2 We use to after ought , but not after should or ’ d better. T / F 3 We usually use must in questions. T / F 4 The correct question is Do you have to (go)? , not Have you to (go)? T / F
2 It is obligatory to be 35 before you can try to be elected as the president. You elected as the president. (must) 3 Officially owning a dog is prohibited until the age of 16. You a dog officially until you are 16. (can) 4 It is obligatory to live with your parents until you are at least 16. (Then you need them to agree to let you leave, until you are 18.) You home until you are 16. (must) 5 It is obligatory to go to school until you are at least 16. You to school until you are at least 16. (have to) 6 It is impossible to go to the dentist to get whiter teeth until you are 18. You to the dentist to get whiter teeth until you’re 18. (can) 7 It is obligatory to be at least 14 before you can change your name, and then only with your parents’ permission. You at least 14 before you can change your name, and then only with your parents’ permission. (must) 8 It is possible to join the army or navy when you’re 18. You the army or navy when you’re 16. (can) 9 You can pilot a boat with an engine over 3.75KW when you’re 12. You 16 to 35 before you can try to be
-or • - ee • -er • -ist • -ian
4 Complete the job adverts with the correct word from 1 or 3.
Find jobs Latest Jobs Employers Advice
The strictest school in Britain?
Latest Jobs
Sort by: new
The Michaela Community School in Brent, London is sometimes called the strictest school in Britain. You (a) must/mustn’t wear make-up or jewellery, which is quite normal in British schools. But another rule is that you (b) don’t have to/can’t wear coats, shoes or bags that have a logo. When a student breaks a serious school rule, like sending a text message, they (c) have/must to go to an isolation room to spend the rest of the day alone and in silence. The idea of the school is that all students (d) should/ought work hard and be kind. The students (e) had/would better behave well at lunch time because there is always a teacher eating with them at their table. They can’t eat meat in the school canteen – all the dishes are vegetarian, with some fish, too. The students (f ) better/have to serve each other food and clear away other people’s plates. At the Michaela Community School, they believe that schools (g) ought/must to teach respect for others, not just teach maths, history or biology.
We are looking for a (a) who can find and investigate the latest and most important scientific and medical articles in the news. These articles will then appear on our general news website… 17 hours ago more… Our university is seeking an experienced (b) to work at the campus Learning Centre, which holds over 10,000 books, magazines and specialist journals. The building is open 24 hours and students are continually taking out books or studying there… 1 day ago more… We need an (c) who can analyse and interpret market data and assist business planning in global businesses and markets … 1 day ago more… Our important magazine is looking for a sports (d) who can write about all types of sports, especially national and international football, to keep our readers interested and informed. No experience yet? Don’t worry. We are interested in taking a (e) who we will help by teaching them any of the new skills they need. 3 days ago more… Lorem ipsum
Check it page 68
2 Give advice to each person using should , shouldn’t , ought to , had better (not) and these expressions. ask for help • eat crisps and chocolate • get ready to go • take a calculator • take regular breaks • walk slowly and carefully 1 The maths teacher says we can only use paper and pens in the exam. 2 I promised to meet Jack at the library at 3.30 and it’s 3.10 now. 3 Ellie has high cholesterol because she eats lots of unhealthy food. 4 Sam and Adam are going to walk to school, but there’s ice and snow on the road. 5 Tom is going to spend all weekend studying for an exam. 6 Maddy can’t do her history homework on her own.
Use it … don’t lose it!
speaking You have a friend who wants to become a teacher one day. Think of advice to give them. Use must , mustn’t , have to , should , shouldn’t , had better , ought to . Make a list of your ideas. Then compare your list with another pair. Are your ideas similar?
6
Use it … don’t lose it!
Which of the jobs would /
5
speaking
pilot a boat with an engine over 3.75KW. (have to)
wouldn’t you like to do? Why? I think I’d like to be a journalist. You probably meet interesting people all the time.
Reach higher
page 138
Reach higher
page 138
60
Unit 5
Unit 5
61
Made with FlippingBook Publishing Software