Grammar reference
Grammar test
Defining and non-defining relative clauses
1 Complete the sentences with a relative pronoun. Put – if you don’t need a pronoun. 1 You’re the teacher classes I like the most. 2 Jenny is the person has helped me the most. 3 Autumn is the time of year the leaves fall. 4 This is the town I lived when I was small. Defining relative clauses / 4 points Non-defining relative clauses 2 Are these sentences correct? If not, correct them. 1 The driver, which car wasn’t very fast, never won a race. 2 This sport, that was invented two years ago, is becoming very popular. 3 That skier, whose father taught her to ski, won the competition. 4 Last summer, when we went to the beach, we had a brilliant holiday.
Defining relative clauses Alex Honnold was the first person who/that climbed El Capitan with no equipment. We use who and that for people, which and that for things, whose for possessions, where for places, and when for times. In defining relative clauses, we can omit who , which or that when a subject comes immediately after those words. She’s the tennis player that I like. =She’s the tennis player I like. but She’s the tennis player that won. NOT She’s the tennis player won. We do not use commas in defining relative clauses. We use defining relative clauses to give essential information about the person, thing, place or time in the first part of the sentence. The sentence does not usually make sense without the relative clause. France is the country which won the World Cup in 2018. France is the country. Non-defining relative clauses Alex Honnold, who was born in Sacramento, often climbs in Yosemite. We do not use that in non-defining relative clauses. In non-defining relative clauses we cannot omit the relative pronoun. We always use commas in non-defining relative clauses.
We use non-defining relative clauses to give extra, non-essential information about the person, thing, place or time in the first part of the sentence. The commas work in a similar way to brackets (), showing that the information is not vital to the sentence. Non-defining relative clauses are not very common in conversation and can seem formal. Quantifiers We use some with uncountable nouns and with plural countable nouns, in affirmative sentences. We use any with uncountable nouns and with plural countable nouns, in negative sentences and questions. We use much , many , a lot (of) to talk about big quantities. We often use much in negative sentences and questions, with uncountable nouns. We often use many in negative sentences and questions, with plural countable nouns. We use a lot of in affirmative and negative sentences and in questions, with countable and uncountable nouns. We use of when a lot comes before a noun. But when there is no noun after a lot we do not use of . A lot of and Lots of are the same. We use a few and a little to talk about small quantities.
3 Write two sentences for each of these. One must contain a defining relative clause and the other a non-defining relative clause. 1 Football Football is a sport which is popular all over the world. Football, which I always play at the weekend, is my favourite sport. 2 2020 3 London 4 My favourite sports star 5 Next year
/ 8 points
Quantifiers
4 Are these sentences correct? If not, correct them. 1 There is few water in the desert. 2 There are lot of good football players from Brazil.
3 Most the students in our class like sport. 4 Any of these sports (yoga, skiing, golf) are combat sports.
We use a few with plural countable nouns. We use a little with uncountable nouns.
/ 4 points
/ 4 points
A few or a little means that there is a small quantity of something. Few or little mean that there is a very small quantity, almost nothing, and so it gives a negative idea.
Vocabulary test
Lorem ipsum
1 Name one sport where you use this equipment. 1 goggles 2 net 3 racket 4 club 5 bat 6 stick Sports and sports equipment / 6 points
2 Write the words. 1 When two teams finish with the same score: 2 The place where you play basketball or tennis: 3 When you kick the ball into the goal in football: 4 Mexico (…) Italy 3–2: 5 The place where you run in an athletics event: 6 The thing that you ski down: 7 She (…) a goal and they won 1–0: Playing and scoring, Sports venues
Vocabulary
1 Sports and types of sport Sports: athletics • b aseball • basketball • climbing • cricket • cycling • diving • football • golf • gymnastics • horse-riding • ice hockey • ice skating • judo • karate • rugby • sailing • skiing • snowboarding • swimming • tennis • volleyball • weightlifting Types of sports: ball • combat • individual • indoor • non-competitive • team • water • winter 2 Sports equipment bat • b oots • club • goal/goal post • goggles • net • racket • skates • skis • stick • trainers
3 Things you can do with a ball/ Playing and scoring Things you can do with a ball: bounce • c atch • head • hit (with a bat etc.) • kick • pass • throw Playing and scoring: beat • draw • goal • lose (a match/to somebody) • league • match • nil • point • score • shoot • win 4 Sports venues course • c ourt • gym • pitch • pool • rink • slope • stadium • track 5 Phrasal verbs connected with sport catch up with • e nd up • get into • give in • go for • join in • knock out • take up • work out
/ 7 points
Phrasal verbs connected with sports
3 Match the correct columns. Phrasal verb
Meaning
1 work 2 knock
a do an activity with other people who are already doing it b remove somebody from a competition by beating them c do physical exercise to become fit or strong d stop competing and accept that you cannot win
out
in
3 join 4 give 5 go 6 get 7 take
out
up for
e start a sport or hobby f start enjoying something
in
g try very hard to win or get something
into
/ 7 points
On-the-Go Practice
Total:
/ 40 points
94
95
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