is an immature technology that must first be developed and tested in the Danish context. At the same time, heat pumps that use seawater will be challenged in efficiency during win- ter when the water temperature reaches 1-5 °C. Sewage water as a heat source and air-to-water heat pumps, which use outdoor air as a heat source, have excellent techni- cal potential. Still, for air-heat pumps, there are challenges in providing space for the physically large plants where the out- door equipment creates considerable noise.
namic development project "Heat Plan Greater Copenhagen." This phase is more ambitious is more ambitious than previous phases and it was given the name "Future District Heating in the Greater Copenhagen Area 2050." The primary purpose of the shared vision was: To build a unified vision-based frame narrative by 2050, supporting a future competitive and green district heat- ing supply - including searching for strategic challeng- es which could prevent the fulfillment of the vision and finding ways to deal with them. To develop shared ideas for options and ways of action by 2025 and 2030 concerning fulfilling the 2050 vision and frame story, thus ensuring a competitive and green future district heating supply To develop a common base that - across the four com- panies - should support the decisions to be faced in the coming years To ensure future decisions with stakeholders (owners, municipalities, customers, etc.) are made on a common base The analyzes of future technologies, therefore, included large heat pumps, low-temperature district heating, geothermal, CCSU (CO2 catch and storage), PTX, and heat storage. Large heat pumps The potential for large heat pumps in the district heating sy stem is considerable. It includes heat sources such as seawater, drinking water, wastewater, groundwater, air, industrial surplus heat, and geothermal. Based on the heat sources, the theoretical potential for large heat pumps in the metropolitan region's heat supply was esti- mated at 2,100 MW by 2050. However, when considering the available heat base in the individual distribution networks in the total supply area, the potential was closer to 1,200 MW.
HOFOR/CTR/VEKS has tested a 5 MW sea/sewage water heat pump established in Copenhagen Harbor for several years.
Surplus heat from the industry Industrial surplus heat, where the heat source usually has a higher temperature, such as 10-25 °C degrees, is often com- petitive, but the potential is relatively limited according to the analyses. However, there is great potential for using sur- plus heat from data centers, but it is unclear how many data centers will be established. With CP Kelco in Køge, VEKS has created a project to use sur- plus industrial heat by combining heat pumps and heat ex- changers - total utilized power amounts to 7 MW. Køge Power Plant, owned by VEKS, has established a 1 MW heat pump for using surplus heat from turbine oil cooling and a 13 MW heat pump to utilize surplus heat from flue gas con- densation. Low-temperature district heating Heat pumps are most efficient when they must deliver heat at relatively low temperatures, which is why it is an economic ad- vantage to place them as close to the distribution network as possible. As required in the transmission network, heat pumps that can deliver heat at higher temperatures are still relatively expensive and untested in Denmark.
Seawater would have great potential as a heat source, but it
Avedøre CHP Plant, unit 2
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