Ortiz, et al. v. Fibreboard Corp., 527 U.S. 815 (1999) – Ortiz is the U.S. Supreme Court ruling that interpreted Rule 23(b)(3) to require personal notice and an opportunity to opt-out of a class action where money damages are sought in a class action. Predominance – The Rule 23(b)(3) requirement that, to obtain class certification, the plaintiffs must show that common questions predominate over any questions affecting individual members. Rule 23 – This rule from the Federal Rules of Civil Procedure governs class actions in federal courts and requires that a party seeking class certification meet four requirements of section (a) and one of three requirements under section (b) of the rule. Rule 23(a) – It prescribes that a class meet four requirements for purposes of class certification, including numerosity, commonality, typicality, and adequacy of representation. Rule 23(b) – To secure class certification, a class must meet one of three requirements of Rule 23(b)(1), Rule 23(b)(2), or Rule 23(b)(3). Rule 23(b)(1) – A class action may be maintained if Rule 23(a) is satisfied and if prosecuting separate actions would create a risk of inconsistent or varying adjudications with respect to individual class members or adjudications with respect to individual class members that, as a practical matter, would be dispositive of the interests of the other members not parties to the individual adjudications or would substantially impair or impede their ability to protect their interests. Rule 23(b)(2) – A class action may be maintained if Rule 23(a) is satisfied and the party opposing the class has acted or refused to act on grounds that apply generally to the class, so that final injunctive relief or corresponding declaratory relief is appropriate respecting the class as a whole. Rule 23(b)(3) – A class action may be maintained if Rule 23(a) is satisfied and questions of law or fact common to class members predominate over any questions affecting only individual members and a class action is superior to other available methods for fairly and efficiently adjudicating the controversy. Superiority – The Rule 23(b)(3) requirement that a class action can be permitted only if class resolution is the superior method of adjudicating the claims. Typicality – The plaintiffs’ claims and defenses must be typical to those of proposed class members’ claims. This is required by Rule 23(a)(3). Wal-Mart Stores, Inc. v. Dukes, et al., 564 U.S. 338 (2011) – Wal-Mart is the U.S. Supreme Court ruling that tightened the commonality requirement of Rule 23(a)(2) and held that judges must conduct a “rigorous analysis” to determine whether there is a “common” contention central to the validity of the claims that is “capable of class-wide resolution.”
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Duane Morris Discrimination Class Action Review – 2024
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