2015 NORTH CAROLINA WILDLIFE ACTION PLAN NCWILDLIFE.ORG
©2015 NC Wildlife Resources Commission
Recommended citation: North Carolina Wildlife Resources Commission. 2015. North Carolina Wildlife Action Plan. Raleigh, NC.
An electronic version of the NC Wildlife Action Plan is available online: http://www.ncwildlife.org/plan.aspx.
Tis program receives Federal fnancial assistance from the US Fish and Wildlife Service. Under Title VI of the Civil Rights Act of 1964, Section 504 of the Rehabilitation Act of 1973, Title II of the Americans with Disabilities Act of 1990, the Age Discrimination Act of 1975, Title IX of the Education Amendments of 1972, the U.S. Department of the Interior and its bureaus prohibit discrimination on the bases of race, color, national origin, age, disabil- ity, age or sex (in educational programs). If you believe that you have been discriminated against in any program, activity, or facility, or if you desire further information please write to: Equal Employment Ofcer, 1703 Mail Service Center, Raleigh, NC 27699-1703, Tel. (919) 707-0101. Design and layout by Robert Kern, TIPS Technical Publishing, Inc. (Carrboro, NC) Cover design by Bryant Cole, NCWRC Photographs (clockwise, from left) by: Appalachian Elktoe (Alasmidonta raveneliana), TR Russ, NCWRC Eastern Painted Bunting (Passerina ciris ciris), Kenneth Cole Schneider Prescribed burning (an important land management tool), Melissa McGaw, NCWRC Bog Turtle (Glyptemys muhlenbergii), Melissa McGaw, NCWRC
200 copies of this public document were printed at a cost of $ 7,793.76 or $ 38.97 per copy, April 2016.
Preface
Notes and Acknowledgements Tere were many people who contributed signifcant amounts of time to creating and reviewing the technical content of North Carolina’s 2015 Wildlife Action Plan, often through long hours participating in work groups or on teams or committees. Teir partici- pation and eforts are recognized in the list of key participants and organizations provided in Appendix C. In addition, I would like to acknowledge the numerous people whose time, perspectives, advice, and expertise were invaluable for completing tasks and developing subject matter, determining priorities, and recommending actions. Tere were also many people, especially Commission staf, who provided various types of support throughout the revision efort that helped me herd cats and meet deadlines. You all have my sincerest thanks. For anyone not specifcally mentioned by name, the oversight is unintentional and your help is appreciated. Cindy Simpson
Wildlife Action Plan Coordinator, NC Wildlife Resources Commission Mailing Address: 1721 Mail Service Center, Raleigh, NC 27699-1721 ofce: 919-707-0227 // fax: 919-707-0028 ncwildlife.org/plan
NC Wildlife Resources Commission staf (too many to name) Allison Weakley, NCNHP Anita Goetz, USFWS Anne Deaton, NCDMF Austin Kane, NWF Barry New, NCFS Bill Crowell, APNEP Bob Butler, USFWS Braxton Davis, NCDCM Bryan England, City of Raleigh Parks Chuck Hunter, USFWS Craig Watson, USFWS Chris Matthews, Mecklenburg County Parks Dave Penrose, Watershed Science Dave Genereux, NCSU David Grifn, NC Aquariums David Jones, NC Zoo David Welch, PCP
Greg Cope, NCSU Hilary Morris, SALCC Holly Weyers, USGS Ian McMillan, NCDWR Jacob Leech, Piedmont Conservation Council James Costa, WCU Jamie Smith, NCMNS Jason Cryan, NCMNS
Misty Buchanan, NCNHP Nancy Daly, NCDMS Naomi Edelson, NWF Nina Hall, UNC Asheville Nora Deamer, NCDWR Pat Harris, NCDS&WC Peter Weigl, Wake Forest University Rebecca Benner, TNC Rich Hatfeld, Xerces Society Rua Mordecai, SALCC Ryan Monello, NPS Sally Palmer, TNC Sean Brogan, NCFS Stephanie Horton, NCDMS Steve Williams, NCSU Sue Cameron, USFWS Tancrid Miller, NCDCM Tom Augspurger, USFWS Valerie True, Blue Ridge Forever
Jay Levine, NCSU Joe Stancar, DOD
John Ann Shearer, USFWS John Finnegan, NCNHP
John Fridell, USFWS John Stanton, USFWS
Julie Elmore, NRCS Lee Tornhill, USFS Les Hunter, NCFS Lisa Tolley, NC Ofce of Environmental Education Louise Vaughn, SALCC Mark Endries, USFWS Marty Korenek, DOD Matthew Cimitile, AMJV Mike LaVoie, EBCI Mike Schafale, NCNHP
Veronica Fasselt, USEPA Wayne Starnes, NCMNS William Winner, NCSU
Dean Carpenter, APNEP Don Hopkins, NCDOA Apiculture
Contents
Preface iii List of Figures xxiii List of Tables xxv
INTRODUCTION
1
1.
1.1 Te Origin of Wildlife Action Plans 1 1.2 State Wildlife Grants Eligibility and Requirements 2 1.3 From 2005 to 2015—Revision of North Carolina’s Wildlife Action Plan 3
1.3.1 Incorporating Climate Change 3 1.3.2 Revision Approach and Methods 3 1.3.3 Report Organization and Format 4
References 8
THE NEED FOR CONSERVATION
9
2.
2.1 Introduction 9 2.2 Population Changes 9 2.3 Natural Resources Changes 11
2.3.1 Land Cover and Land Use Changes 12 2.3.2 Protected Species 14 2.3.3 Endangered Ecosystems 17 2.3.4 Critical Areas for Freshwater Conservation 18
2.4 Uncertainty of Future Conditions 19 2.5 Conclusion 21 References 24
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NORTH CAROLINA’S WILDLIFE 3.1 Introduction 27
27
3.
3.1.1 Regulatory Authority for Wildlife 28 3.1.2 Evaluation and Identifcation of Priority Species 31 3.1.3 Species and Habitat Associations 35 3.1.4 Population Objectives 35
3.2 Amphibians 37
3.2.1 Introduction 37 3.2.2 Comparison of 2005 and 2015 Priority Species 42 3.2.3 Conservation Concerns 43 3.2.4 Knowledge Gaps 44
3.2.5 Management Needs 45 3.2.6 Treats and Problems 47 3.2.7 Additional Information 47 3.2.8Recommendations 49
3.3 Birds 52
3.3.1 Introduction 52 3.3.2 Comparison of 2005 and 2015 Priority Species 56 3.3.3 Conservation Concerns 58 3.3.4 Knowledge Gaps 64
3.3.5 Management Needs 67 3.3.6 Treats and Problems 69 3.3.7 Additional Information 71 3.3.8Recommendations 72
3.4 Crayfshes 80
3.4.1 Introduction 80 3.4.2 Comparison of 2005 and 2015 Priority Species 82 3.4.3 Conservation Concerns 84 3.4.4 Knowledge Gaps 84
3.4.5 Management Needs 86 3.4.6 Treats and Problems 87 3.4.7 Additional Information 88 3.4.8Recommendations 89
3.5 Freshwater Fish 91 3.5.1 Introduction 91
3.5.2 Comparison of 2005 and 2015 Priority Species 92 3.5.3 Conservation Concerns 96
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3.5.4 Knowledge Gaps 97 3.5.5 Management Needs 97 3.5.6 Treats and Problems 99 3.5.7 Additional Information 100 3.5.8Recommendations 100
3.6 Freshwater Mussels 102 3.6.1 Introduction 102
3.6.2 Comparison of 2005 and 2015 Priority Species 103 3.6.3 Conservation Concerns 105 3.6.4 Knowledge Gaps 106
3.6.5 Management Needs 107 3.6.6 Treats and Problems 109 3.6.7 Additional Information 110 3.6.8Recommendations 111
3.7 Mammals 113
3.7.1 Introduction 113 3.7.2 Comparison of 2005 and 2015 Priority Species 114 3.7.3 Conservation Concerns 117 3.7.4 Knowledge Gaps 118
3.7.5 Management Needs 120 3.7.6 Treats and Problems 120 3.7.7 Additional Information 121 3.7.8Recommendations 122
3.8 Reptiles 124
3.8.1 Introduction 124 3.8.2 Comparison of 2005 and 2015 Priority Species 131 3.8.3 Conservation Concerns 131 3.8.4 Knowledge Gaps 133
3.8.5 Management Needs 133 3.8.6 Treats and Problems 135 3.8.7 Additional Information 135 3.8.8 Recommendations 136
3.9 Snails 139
3.9.1 Introduction 139 3.9.2 Comparison of 2005 and 2015 Priority Species 144 3.9.3 Conservation Concerns 145 3.9.4 Knowledge Gaps 145
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3.9.5 Management Needs 146 3.9.6 Treats and Problems 149 3.9.7 Additional Information 151 3.9.8Recommendations 152
3.10 Marine Species 154
3.10.1 Introduction 154 3.10.2 Federal Regulations 155 3.10.3 State Regulations 156 3.10.4 Conservation Concerns 157 3.10.5 Knowledge Gaps 158 3.10.6 Management Needs 159 3.10.7 Treats and Problems 160 3.10.8 Additional Information 163 3.10.9Recommendations 164
3.11 Pelagic Seabirds 166 3.11.1 Introduction 166
3.11.2 Conservation Concerns 167 3.11.3 Knowledge Gaps 169 3.11.4 Management Needs 170 3.11.5 Treats and Problems 171 3.11.6 Additional Information 172 3.11.7Recommendations 173
3.12 Insects 175
3.12.1 Introduction 175 3.12.2 Conservation Concerns 179 3.12.3 Knowledge Gaps 183 3.12.4 Management Needs 183 3.12.5 Treats and Problems 186 3.12.6 Additional Information 187 3.12.7Recommendations 188
References 189
HABITATS
209
4.
4.1 Introduction 209
4.1.1 Natural Community Descriptions 211 4.1.2 Natural Community Priorities 213 4.1.3 Species and Habitat Associations 216
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4.2 Aquatic Communities 217
4.2.1 Problems Afecting Aquatic Communities 219 4.2.2Recommendations 224 4.2.3 Coldwater Streams 228 4.2.4 Coolwater Streams 235 4.2.5 Warmwater Streams 241 4.2.6 Groundwater, Springs, and Subterranean Water Systems 245 4.2.7 Headwater Streams/Small Creeks 249
4.2.8 Large Creeks/Small Rivers 258 4.2.9 Medium River Communities 265 4.2.10 Large River Communities 272 4.2.11 Stream Swamp Systems 280 4.2.12 Natural Lakes 288 4.2.13 Reservoirs & Impoundments 293 4.2.14 Estuarine Aquatic Communities 300
4.3 Wetland Natural Communities 311 4.3.1 Bogs and Fens 311
4.3.2 Estuarine Wetland Communities 318 4.3.3 Floodplains—Blackwater Systems 325 4.3.4 Floodplains—Brownwater Systems 332 4.3.5 Floodplains—Inland Systems 337 4.3.6 Freshwater Tidal Wetlands 345 4.3.7 Nonalluvial Mineral Wetlands 350 4.3.8 Pocosins 357 4.3.9 Upland Pools and Depressions 364 4.3.10 Upland Seepages and Spray Clifs 372 4.3.11 Wet Pine Savannas 376
4.4 Terrestrial Communities 383 4.4.1 Caves and Mines 384 4.4.2 Spruce–Fir Forests 391
4.4.3 Northern Hardwood Forests 398 4.4.4 Cove Forests 404 4.4.5 Mafc Glades and Barrens 409 4.4.6 Grass and Heath Balds 413 4.4.7 High-Elevation Clifs and Rock Outcrops 417 4.4.8 Low Elevation Flatrocks, Clifs, and Rock Outcrops 423 4.4.9 Mesic Forests 431 4.4.10 Piedmont and Mountain Dry Coniferous Woodlands 436
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4.4.11 Oak and Mixed Hardwood/Pine Forests and Managed Timber 441 4.4.12 Montane Oak Forests 449 4.4.13 Dry Longleaf Pine Communities 454 4.4.14 Maritime Forests 461
4.4.15 Maritime Grasslands, Dunes, and Beaches 466 4.4.16 Sand, Shell, and Wrack Active Shoreline 473 4.4.17 Successional Communities (Herb, Shrub, Woody) 479 4.4.18 Sparsely Settled Mixed Habitats 490
4.5 River Basins 495
4.5.1 Introduction 495 4.5.2 Aquatic Biodiversity and Imperilment 497 4.5.3 Aquatic Conservation Priorities, Strategies, and Recommendations 499 4.5.4 Broad River Basin 507
4.5.5 Cape Fear River Basin 515 4.5.6 Catawba River Basin 523 4.5.7 Chowan River Basin 531 4.5.8 French Broad River Basin 539 4.5.9 Hiwassee River Basin 550 4.5.10 Little Tennessee River Basin 559 4.5.11 Lumber River Basin 568 4.5.12 Neuse River Basin 576 4.5.13 New River Basin 586 4.5.14 Pasquotank River Basin 593 4.5.15 Roanoke River Basin 601 4.5.16 Savannah River Basin 609 4.5.17 Tar–Pamlico River Basin 615 4.5.18 Watauga River Basin 625 4.5.19 White Oak River Basin 631 4.5.20 Yadkin — Pee Dee River Basin 638
References 646
THREATS AND EMERGING CONCERNS
673
5.
5.1 Introduction 673 5.2 Treats, Stressors, and Emerging Concerns 674 5.3 Residential and Commercial Development 676
5.3.1 Anticipated Impacts 678 5.3.2 SGCN Priority Species 680
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5.4 Agriculture and Aquaculture 682
5.4.1 Agriculture—Anticipated Impacts 683 5.4.2 Aquaculture—Anticipated Impacts 684 5.4.3 Silviculture—Anticipated Impacts 685 5.4.4 SGCN Priority Species 686
5.5 Energy Production and Mining 687
5.5.1 Biomass and Biofuels—Anticipated Impacts 688 5.5.2 Coal Energy—Anticipated Impacts 689 5.5.3 Oil and Gas Extraction—Anticipated Impacts 690 5.5.4 Hydropower—Anticipated Impacts 693 5.5.5 Mining and Quarries—Anticipated Impacts 694 5.5.6 Nuclear Energy—Anticipated Impacts 694 5.5.7 Solar Energy—Anticipated Impacts 695 5.5.8 Wind Energy—Anticipated Impacts 696 5.5.9 SGCN Priority Species 698
5.6 Transportation and Service Corridors 698 5.6.1 Anticipated Impacts 699 5.6.2 SGCN Priority Species 700 5.7 Biological Resource Use 701 5.7.1 Anticipated Impacts 701 5.7.2 SGCN Priority Species 703 5.8 Human Intrusions and Disturbance 703 5.8.1 Anticipated Impacts 704 5.8.2 SGCN Priority Species 705 5.9 Natural System Modifcations 706
5.9.1 Anticipated Impacts 706 5.9.2 SGCN Priority Species 708 5.10 Invasive and Other Problematic Species and Genes 710
5.10.1 Aquatic Systems—Anticipated Impacts 711 5.10.2 Terrestrial Systems—Anticipated Impacts 713 5.10.3 SGCN Priority Species 716
5.11 Pollution and Contaminants 717 5.11.1 Sewage, Solid Wastes, and Efuents—Anticipated Impacts 718 5.11.2 Chemicals and Toxic Compounds—Anticipated Impacts 719 5.11.3 Airborne Pollutants—Anticipated Impacts 720 5.11.4 Excess Energy—Anticipated Impacts 721 5.11.5 SGCN Priority Species 721
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5.12 Climate Change 723
5.12.1 Sea Level Rise—Anticipated Impacts 724 5.12.2 Temperature Changes—Anticipated Impacts 726 5.12.3 Precipitation Changes—Anticipated Impacts 727 5.12.4 SGCN Priority Species 728
5.13 Disease and Pathogens 730
5.13.1 Amphibians—Anticipated Impacts 731 5.13.2 Birds—Anticipated Impacts 732 5.13.3 Crayfshes—Anticipated Impacts 733 5.13.4 Mammals—Anticipated Impacts 733 5.13.5 Reptiles—Anticipated Impacts 735 5.13.6 Freshwater Fishes—Anticipated Impacts 735 5.13.7 Pollinators—Anticipated Impacts 736 5.13.8 SGCN Priority Species 737
References 737
CONSERVATION GOALS AND PRIORITIES IN NORTH CAROLINA 6.1 Introduction 755 6.2 Planning and Implementing Conservation 756 6.2.1 Developing Conservation Goals 756 6.2.2 Conservation Goals Framework 758 6.2.3 Conservation Funding Resources 758 6.2.4 Conservation Tools and Data Resources 761 6.3 Conservation Opportunities and Incentives 764 6.3.1 Private Lands and Conservation Incentives 764 6.3.2 Public Land Stewardship 768 6.3.3 Education and Outreach 774 6.3.4 Technical Guidance, Rules, and Regulations 784 6.3.5 Partnerships and Cooperative Eforts 787
755
6.
6.4 Federal Conservation Partners 788
6.4.1 US Fish and Wildlife Service (USFWS) 788 6.4.2 US Forest Service (USFS) 789 6.4.3 National Park Service (NPS) 790
6.4.4 Natural Resources Conservation Service (NRCS) 791 6.4.5 National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) Fisheries 791 6.4.6 US Environmental Protection Agency (USEPA) 792 6.4.7 US Geological Survey (USGS) 794
6.4.8 US Army Corps of Engineers (USACE)—Wilmington District 794 6.4.9 Department of Defense (DOD) 796 6.5 State Conservation Partners 797
6.5.1 NC Wildlife Resources Commission (NCWRC) 797 6.5.2 NC Museum of Natural Sciences (NCMNS) 798
6.5.3 NC Natural Heritage Program (NCNHP) 799 6.5.4 NC Division of Marine Fisheries (NCDMF) 800 6.5.5 NC Division of Coastal Management (NCDCM) 801 6.5.6 NC Division of Water Resources (NCDWR) 802 6.5.7 NC Division of Mitigation Services (NCDMS) 803 6.5.8 NC Division of Energy, Mineral and Land Resources (NCDEMLR) 803 6.5.9 NC Division of Parks and Recreation (NCDPR) 804 6.5.10 North Carolina Aquariums 804 6.5.11 NC Zoological Park (Zoo) 805 6.5.12 Ofce of Environmental Education and Public Afairs 805 6.5.13 NC Forest Service (NCFS) 806 6.5.14 Plant Conservation Program (PCP) 806 6.5.15 Division of Soil and Water Conservation (S&WC) 807
6.5.16 Plant Industry Division, Apiary Program 808 6.5.17 NC Department of Transportation (NCDOT) 808
6.6 Native American Indian Lands 809 6.7 Land Trusts and Private Conservation Organizations 810 6.7.1 Audubon North Carolina 810 6.7.2 North Carolina Wildlife Federation (NCWF) 810 6.7.3 Te Conservation Trust for North Carolina (CTNC) 811 6.7.4 Te Nature Conservancy (TNC) 811 6.8 Local and Municipal Programs 811 6.9 Other Statewide Conservation Partners and Initiatives 813
6.9.1 Albemarle-Pamlico National Estuary Partnership (APNEP) 813 6.9.2 Albemarle-Pamlico Conservation and Communities Collaborative (AP3C) 813 6.9.3 Appalachian Mountains Joint Venture (AMJV) 814 6.9.4 Atlantic Coast Joint Venture (ACJV) 814 6.9.5 Blue Ridge Forever 815 6.9.6 Cape Fear Arch Conservation Collaborative (CFACC) 816 6.9.7 Cape Fear River Partnership (CFRP) 816 6.9.8 Chatham Conservation Partnership (CCP) 817
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6.9.9 Eastern Brook Trout Joint Venture (EBTJV) 817 6.9.10 Eastern North Carolina/Southeastern Virginia (ENC/SEVA) Strategic Habitat Conservation Team 818 6.9.11 Greater Uwharrie Conservation Partnership (GUCP) 818 6.9.12 NC Longleaf Coalition 819 6.9.13 NC Partners in Amphibian and Reptile Conservation (NCPARC) 819 6.9.14 NC Partners In Flight (NCPIF) 820 6.9.15 NC Prescribed Fire Council 820 6.9.16 NC Sandhills Conservation Partnership (NCSCP) 821 6.9.17 Onslow Bight Conservation Forum 821 6.9.18 Piedmont Prairie Partnership 822 6.9.19 Robust Redhorse Conservation Committee (RRCC) 822 6.9.20 Southeast Aquatic Resources Partnership (SARP) 823 6.9.21 Upper Neuse River Basin Association (UNRBA) 823 6.9.22 Upper Tar Collaboration 824 6.9.23 WakeNature Preserves Partnership 824
References 825
MONITORING
827
7.
7.1 Introduction 827
7.1.1 Monitoring on Public Lands 828 7.1.2 Monitoring Coordination and Data Sharing 828 7.1.3 Indicators and Targets 831
7.2 Monitoring Protocols 832
7.2.1 Amphibians and Reptiles 832 7.2.2 Aquatic Species 833 7.2.3 Birds 834 7.2.4 Mammals 835
7.3 Species Monitoring 836
7.3.1 Amphibians and Reptiles 837 7.3.2 Aquatic Species 838 7.3.3 Birds 838 7.3.4 Mammals 839
7.4 Habitat Monitoring 840
7.4.1 Terrestrial Habitat Monitoring Programs 841 7.4.2 Aquatic Habitats Monitoring 843
References 846
8
REVIEW, COORDINATION, REVISION, AND NEXT STEPS
849
8.1 Introduction 849 8.2 Required 10-Year Comprehensive Review and Revision 850 8.2.1 Climate Change Workshop (2010) 850 8.2.2 Regional Workshops (2011) 851 8.2.3 Incorporating Best Practice Recommendations (2012) 852
8.2.4 Technical Review and Revision (2012–2015) 853 8.2.5 Public Review and Comment (2014–2015) 854
8.3 Future Review and Revision 856 8.3.1 Short-term Revisions 857
8.3.2 Planned Interim and Comprehensive Revision 858
References 859
APPENDIXES A
ABBREVIATIONS, ACRONYMS, AND GLOSSARY
863
Abbreviations & Acronyms 863 Glossary 869
EXECUTIVE SUMMARY
879
B.
C
KEY PARTICIPANTS AND LETTERS OF SUPPORT
887
Key Participants 887
WAP Coordinator 887 WAP Steering Committee 887 Technical Team 887 Taxa Teams 888 Ranking Criteria Work Group 888 ad Hoc Committees, Work Groups, and Peer Review Assistance 891 Workshops 893 Draft Review 895 Volunteers and Contributions (In-Kind and Donations) 896
North Carolina Wildlife Federation Letter of Support 897 North Carolina Chapter of the American Fisheries Society Letter of Support 898 U.S. Dept. of Interior, Fish and Wildlife Service Letter of Acknowledgement 899 Public Review and Peer Review Media Announcement 900
HOW TO USE INFORMATION IN THE NC WAP
903
D.
Example 1: How to Use Information in the NC Wildlife Action Plan 903 Example 2: How to Use Information in the NC Wildlife Action Plan 904
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COMMON AND SCIENTIFIC NAMES
907
E.
Invasive or Nonnative Species 907 Native Plant Species Common and Scientifc Names 909
WILDLIFE ACTION PLAN 2015 REVISION PROCESS WHITE PAPER
911
F.
Introduction 911 2005 Prioritization Process 912 Review and Revision of the 2005 Prioritization Process 913 2015 Prioritization Process 914 Conclusion and Acknowledgments 917 Ranking Criteria Development 918 Peer-Review Participants 918 2015 Ranking Criteria Metrics 920 A. Conservation Need Category 920 Global and Regional Status 921 North Carolina Status 923 B. Knowledge Gap Category 929 C. Management Concerns Category 933 Timber Operations can be Evaluated Under Diferent Treat Categories 946 References 946
2015 TAXA TEAM EVALUATION RESULTS
949
G.
H
HABITAT ASSOCIATIONS
1147
Aquatic Species Habitat Associations 1147
Natural Aquatic Community Descriptions* 1147
Terrestrial Species Habitat Associations 1148
Natural Terrestrial Habitat Descriptions* 1148
NORTH AMERICAN BIRD CONSERVATION INITIATIVE (NABCI) Bird Conservation Regions 1205 Audubon North Carolina Important Bird Areas 1206
1205
I.
PRIORITY 12-DIGIT HUCS BY RIVER BASIN
1207
.
K
OBJECTIVES AND EXAMPLE STRATEGIES AND PRIORITY ACTIONS
1223
L
FEDERAL PROGRAMS AND INFORMATION RESOURCES
1227
L-1
USFWS Programs and Information Resources 1227 Endangered Species 1227 Partners for Fish & Wildlife 1227
Safe Harbor Agreements 1227 Fish and Aquatic Conservation (National Fish Habitat Partnerships) 1228 Wildlife Refuge Comprehensive Conservation Plans (CCP) 1228 Coastal Program 1228 Environmental Contaminants Program 1228 Migratory Bird Program 1228
Forest Landbird Legacy Program 1229 Project Planning and Consultation 1229 Geospatial Services 1229
L-2 USFS Programs and Information Resources 1229 USFS Region 8, National Forests of the South 1229 Forest Inventory and Analysis 1229 Land and Resource Management Plans 1230 Resource Management 1230 Resource Planning 1230 Template for Assessing Climate Change Impacts and Management Options (TACCIMO) 1230 FSGeodata Clearinghouse 1230 L-3 National Park Service in NC 1230 National Park Service Publications 1231 Planning, Environment, & Public Comment 1231 Inventory & Monitoring 1231 Natural Resource Publications Management 1231 Data and Information 1231 L-4
NRCS Programs and Information Resources 1232 NRCS in North Carolina Technical Resources 1232 National Resources Inventory 1232 Natural Resource Conservation Programs 1232 Long Leaf Pine Initiative 1232 Plants and Animals 1232 Geospatial Data Gateway 1233
L-5 NOAA—Fisheries Programs and Information Resources 1233 NOAA Fisheries, Beaufort Lab 1233 NC Coastal Reserve & National Estuarine Research Reserve (NERR) 1233 National Center for Coastal Ocean Science (NCCOS), Center for Coastal
Fisheries and Habitat Research 1233
Maps and GIS Data 1234
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L-6
USEPA Programs and Information Resources 1234 Watershed Conservation Approaches and Tools 1234 Ecosystem Science Resources 1234 Water Science Resources 1235 Climate Impacts in the Southeast 1235 Sustainable Practices Science 1235 Wetlands Conservation 1236 Watersheds 1236 Coastal Resources 1236 Urban Waters 1236 Geospatial Resources 1237
L-7
USGS Programs and Information Resources 1237 Nonindigenous Aquatic Species (NAS) 1237 National Water Information System (NWIS)—Surface Water 1237
NWIS—Groundwater 1237 NWIS—Water Quality 1237 Water Use Data 1238
North Carolina Projects and Studies 1238 Designing Sustainable Landscapes 1238 Environmental Decision Analysis 1238
L-8
USACE Programs and Information Resources 1238 Regulatory Permit Program (Section 404 and Section 10) 1238 Ecosystem Restoration 1239 Recreation Programs and Public Land Management 1239 Falls Lake Master Plan (2013) 1239
L-9
DOD Programs and Information Resources 1239 Legacy Resource Management Program 1239 DOD Partners in Flight (DOD PIF) 1239 Conserving Shorebirds on DOD Lands 1240 Kirtland’s Warbler Recovery Team 1240
Conserving Biodiversity on Military Lands, A Guide for Natural Resources DOD Partners in Amphibian and Reptile Conservation (DOD PARC) 1240 Defense Environmental Network Information eXchange (DENIX) 1241
Managers 1241
Integrated Natural Resource Management Plans (INRMP) and Natural
Resources Conservation Metrics 1241
Southeast Regional Partnership for Planning and Sustainability (SERPPAS) 1242
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Marine Corps Installations East—Marine Corps Base Camp Lejeune (MCIEAST-MCBCL), Environmental Management Division, Integrated Natural Resources Management Plan (INRMP) 1242 Defense Coastal/Estuarine Research Program, Marine Corps Base Camp Lejeune 1242 Fort Bragg Environmental Division, Environmental Management Branch Natural Resources Team (NRT) 1243 Fort Bragg Environmental Division, Endangered Species Branch 1243
Fort Bragg Environmental Division, Forestry Branch 1243 SERPPAS Geospatial Resources and Te National Map 1243
STATE PROGRAMS AND INFORMATION RESOURCES
1245
M.
M-1 NCWRC Programs and Information Resources 1245 NC Wildlife Action Plan (WAP) 1245 Listing of Endangered and Treatened Wildlife and Wildlife Species of Special Concern 1245 Fisheries Research 1245 Game Lands Programs 1246
Green Growth Toolbox (GGT) 1246 Habitat Conservation Program 1246 Wildlife Friendly Development Certifcation 1246
Wildlife Land Conservation Program 1246 Conserving NC’s Wildlife Resources 1247 Cooperative Upland habitat Restoration and Enhancement (CURE) 1247 Learning About NC’s Wildlife—Conservation Education 1247 M-2 NCMNS Programs and Information Resources 1247
Research & Collections 1247 Prairie Ridge Ecostation 1248 Online Collections 1248 M-3 NCNHP Programs and Information Resources 1248 Registered Heritage Areas 1248
Natural Area Inventories 1248 Rare Animal List & Rare Plant List 1249 Natural Communities Classifcation (3rd and 4th Approximations) 1249 NC Conservation Planning Tool (CPT) 1249 Natural Heritage Data Explorer 1249
Conservation Incentives Program 1250 Geospatial Data 1250
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M-4 NCDMF Programs and Information Resources 1250 Coastal Habitat Protection Plan (CHPP) 1250 Oyster Sanctuary Program 1250 Shellfsh Habitat and Abundance Mapping Program 1251 Shellfsh Rehabilitation Program 1251 Artifcial Reef Program 1251 Stock Status Reports 1251 Fisheries Management Plans 1252 Habitat Mapping and Monitoring 1252 GIS Maps to View and Print 1252 M-5 NCDCM Programs and Information Resources 1252 Beach & Waterfront Access 1252 Coastal Wetlands Data: Interactive GIS Mapping 1253 North Carolina Coastal Region Evaluation of Wetland Signifcance
(NC-CREWS) 1253
North Carolina Coastal Reserve (NCCR)
National Estuarine Research Reserve System (NERR) 1253 CAMA Handbook for Development in Coastal North Carolina 1253 Clean Marina Program 1254 Coastal & Estuarine Land Conservation Program (CELCP) 1254 NC Clean Boater Program 1254 NC Marine Sewage Pumpout Station Grant Program 1254 Maps & GIS Spatial Data 1255 M-6 NCDWR Programs and Information Resources 1255 Stream Fish Community Assessment Program 1255 Ambient Monitoring System 1255 Basinwide Monitoring Program: Macrobenthics and Fish Communities 1255 Basinwide Planning 1256 401 Wetlands and Bufer Permitting 1256 M-7 NCEEP Programs and Information Resources 1256 Watershed Priority Interactive Planning Map 1256 River Basin Restoration Priorities 1257 Science and Analysis Technical Assistance 1257 GIS Data Sets 1257 M-8 NC Aquariums Programs and Information Resources 1257 Roanoke Island, Pine Knoll Shores, Fort Fisher: Outer Banks Marine Mammal Stranding Network 1257
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Roanoke Island, Pine Knoll Shores and Fort Fisher: Sea Turtle Rehabilitation 1258 Pine Knoll Shores: Diamondback terrapin monitoring and incidental capture assessment 1258 Fort Fisher and Roanoke Island: Beach Vitex Task Force 1258 Pine Knoll Shores and Fort Fisher: Sea turtle tagging 1258 Fort Fisher: Cape Fear Arch Conservation Collaboration 1258 M-9 NC Zoo Programs and Information Resources 1259 Hellbender Salamander Conservation 1259 Red Wolf Species Survival Plan 1259 Ridges Mountain Natural Area Management 1259 Local Conservation Projects 1260 M-10 Ofce of Environmental Education & Public Afairs Programs and Information Resources 1260 Environmental Literacy Center 1260 River Basin Publications 1260 Resources for Educators 1260 M-11 NCFS Programs and Information Resources 1261 NC Forest Action Plan 1261 North Carolina Department of Agriculture and Consumer Services (NCDA&CS) Strategic Plan 1261 Key Initiatives 1261 Forest Legacy Program 1261 Urban & Community Forestry Grant Program 1262 Community Firewise & Urban Interface Grant Program 1262 Present-use Value Program for Forestland 1262 Forest Stewardship Plan Program 1262
Southern Pine Beetle Prevention Program 1263 Conservation Reserve Program (CRP) 1263
Conservation Reserve Enhancement Program (CREP) 1263 Environmental Quality Incentives Program (EQIP) 1263 Prescribed Fire and Controlled Burning 1264
M-12 PCP Programs and Information Resources 1264 Plant Conservation Preserves 1264 Protected Plant Species List 1264 M-13 Soil & Water Conservation Programs and Information Resources 1264 Agriculture Cost Share Program (ACSP) 1264 Agricultural Water Resources Assistance Program (AgWRAP) 1265
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2015 NC Wildlife Action Plan
Community Conservation Assistance Program (CCAP) 1265 Lagoon Conversion Program (LCP) 1265 M-14 NCDOT Programs and Information Resources 1265 Project Development and Environmental Analysis (PDEA) Branch— Environmental Compliance 1265 Environmental Excellence Programs 1266 Roadside Environmental Unit, Soil & Water Engineering Section 1266 Ofce of Beautifcation, Litter Prevention 1266 Stormwater Program 1266 Environment-related Education Resources 1267 Environmental Initiatives and Best Practices Database 1267 Environmental Management Systems 1267
FEDERAL ENDANGERED SPECIES RECOVERY PLANS
1269
N.
O
MONITORING EFFORTS
1273
O-1 Species-specifc Monitoring Eforts 1273 O-2 Guild and Species Assemblage Monitoring 1275 O-3 Activity- and Project-specifc Monitoring 1277
LIST OF SGCN BY TAXONOMIC GROUP
1279
P.
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2015 NC Wildlife Action Plan
List of Figures
Figure 2.1
Projected population growth by county, 2030–2035 .......................................................11
Figure 2.2
Percent change in land ownership (based on acreage), 1997 to 2010 ............................13
Figure 2.3
Percent change in land use on nonfederal lands (based on acreage), 1997 to 2010......15
Figure 2.4
Urban growth projections (as percent increase) for the period 2010–2020 in comparison with 2010–2050...............................................................................................20 Urban growth probabilities (as percent increase) for the period 2010–2020 in comparison with 2010–2050...............................................................................................20
Figure 2.5
Figure 4.1
North Carolina Ecoregions .............................................................................................. 210
Figure 4.2
Location of coldwater habitats.........................................................................................230
Figure 4.3
Location of reservoir and impoundment dams .............................................................294
Figure 4.4
Location of the Albemarle–Pamlico National Estuary System ....................................302
Figure 4.5
Statewide location of subsurface mines..........................................................................385
Figure 4.6
North Carolina’s river basin boundaries ........................................................................495
Figure 4.7
Location of the Broad River Basin ..................................................................................508
Figure 4.8
Location of priority watersheds in the Broad River Basin.............................................512
Figure 4.9 Location of the Cape Fear River Basin ............................................................................ 516 Figure 4.10 Location of priority HUC12 watersheds in the Cape Fear River Basin ........................520 Figure 4.11 Location of the Catawba River Basin ..............................................................................524 Figure 4.12 Location of priority watersheds in the Catawba River Basin........................................527 Figure 4.13 Location of the Chowan River Basin ...............................................................................532 Figure 4.14 Location of priority watersheds in the Chowan River Basin ........................................536 Figure 4.15 Location of the French Broad River Basin ......................................................................540 Figure 4.16 Location of priority watersheds in the French Broad River Basin................................545
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2015 NC Wildlife Action Plan
20 Figure 4.17 Location of the Hiwassee River Basin.............................................................................551 Figure 4.18 Location of priority watersheds in the Hiwassee River Basin ......................................555 Figure 4.19 Location of the Little Tennessee River Basin..................................................................560 Figure 4. Location of priority watersheds in the Little Tennessee River Basin...........................564 Figure 4.21 Location of the Lumber River Basin................................................................................569 Figure 4.22 Location of priority watersheds in the Lumber River Basin .........................................572 Figure 4.23 Location of the Neuse River Basin...................................................................................577 Figure 4.24 Location of priority watersheds in the Neuse River Basin............................................582 Figure 4. Location of the New River Basin......................................................................................587 25 30 Figure 4.26 Location of priority watersheds in New River Basin......................................................590 Figure 4.27 Location of the Pasquotank River Basin .........................................................................594 Figure 4.28 Location of priority watersheds in the Pasquotank River Basin ..................................597 Figure 4.29 Location of the Roanoke River Basin ..............................................................................602 Figure 4. Location of priority watersheds in the Roanoke River Basin........................................606 Figure 4.31 Location of the Savannah River Basin ............................................................................ 610 Figure 4.32 Location of priority HUC12 watersheds in the Savannah River Basin ........................612 Figure 4.33 Location of the Tar–Pamlico River Basin........................................................................616 Figure 4.34 Location of priority watersheds in the Tar–Pamlico River Basin .................................621 Figure 4. Location of the Watauga River Basin...............................................................................626 35 40 Figure 4.36 Location of priority watersheds in the Watauga River Basin........................................628 Figure 4.37 Location of the White Oak River Basin ...........................................................................632 Figure 4.38 Location of priority watersheds in the White Oak River Basin.....................................635 Figure 4.39 Location of the Yadkin — Pee Dee River Basin ..............................................................639 Figure 4. Location of priority watersheds in the Yadkin — Pee Dee River Basin .......................643 Figure 5.1 National Ocean Service Tides & Currents Stations (North Carolina)..........................725 Figure 6.1 Example of an adaptive management planning cycle ..................................................757 Figure 6.2 Conservation Land Stewardship .....................................................................................770
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2015 NC Wildlife Action Plan
List of Tables
Table 1.1
Roadmap to the Eight Required Elements ........................................................................6
Table 2.1
Changes since 2005, federal protection status (endangered and threatened) changes and corresponding state protection status.......................................................16
Table 2.2
Endangered ecosystems in the southeast........................................................................18
Table 3.1
Selected state and federal laws that protect wildlife ......................................................29
Table 3.2
Federal and state listing status abbreviations.................................................................33
Table 3.3
Population target information for North Carolina .........................................................36
Table 3.4
Amphibian SGCN ..............................................................................................................38
Table 3.5
Amphibians: comparison of changes from 2005 WAP ...................................................42
Table 3.6
Amphibian knowledge-gap priority species ...................................................................45
Table 3.7
SGCN bird species..............................................................................................................53
Table 3.8
Birds: comparison of changes from 2005 WAP ...............................................................57
Table 3.9
Bird knowledge-gap priority species................................................................................66
Table 3.10
Crayfsh SGCN....................................................................................................................83
Table 3.11
Crayfshes: comparison of changes from 2005 WAP ......................................................83
Table 3.12
Crayfsh knowledge-gap priority species ........................................................................86
Table 3.13
Freshwater fsh SGCN........................................................................................................93
Table 3.14
Freshwater fshes: comparison of changes from 2005 WAP ..........................................95
Table 3.15
Freshwater fsh knowledge-gap priority species.............................................................98
Table 3.16
Freshwater mussel SGCN................................................................................................104
Table 3.17
Freshwater mussels: comparison of changes from 2005 WAP ....................................105
Table 3.18
Freshwater mussel knowledge-gap priority species.....................................................107
Table 3.19
Mammal SGCN ................................................................................................................ 115
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2015 NC Wildlife Action Plan
Table 3.20
Mammals: comparison of changes from 2005 WAP.....................................................116
Table 3.21
Mammal knowledge-gap priority species.....................................................................119
Table 3.22
Reptile SGCN....................................................................................................................126
Table 3.23
Reptiles: comparison of changes from 2005 WAP ........................................................132
Table 3.24
Reptile knowledge-gap priority species.........................................................................134
Table 3.25
Freshwater snail SGCN.................................................................................................... 141
Table 3.26
Land snail SGCN..............................................................................................................142
Table 3.27
Aquatic and land snails: comparison of changes from 2005 WAP..............................144
Table 3.28
Aquatic and land snail knowledge-gap priority species ..............................................146
Table 3.29
SGCN marine species......................................................................................................155
Table 3.30
Other status designations and at-risk marine species of conservation concern.......158
Table 3.31
Species and regional FMP development and implementation responsibility...........160
Table 3.32
Pelagic seabirds of conservation concern .....................................................................168
Table 3.33
Potential partners and partnerships for pelagic bird conservation............................ 170
Table 3.34
Terrestrial insect SGCN...................................................................................................179
Table 3.35
Aquatic insect SGCN........................................................................................................180
Table 3.36
Summary of invertebrate species tracked by NCNHP .................................................182
Table 4.1
Aquatic communities and ecoregion associations.......................................................212
Table 4.2
North Carolina river basins and ecoregion associations.............................................213
Table 4.3
Natural community types and ecoregion associations ...............................................214
Table 4.4
Priority natural community types and their ecoregion associations.........................215
Table 4.5
Aquatic natural communities containing coldwater habitats ....................................229
Table 4.6
Comparison of climate change with other threats to coldwater systems ..................232
Table 4.7
Comparison of climate change with other threatsto coolwater systems ...................238
Table 4.8
Comparison of climate change with other threats to headwater streams/small creeks.......................................................................................................255
Table 4.9
Comparison of climate change with other threats to large creeks/small rivers........262
Table 4.10
Comparison of climate change with other threats to medium river communities ..270
Table 4.11
Comparison of climate change with other threats to large river communities.........276
Table 4.12
Comparison of climate change with other threats to stream swamp systems..........284
Table 4.13
Comparison of climate change with other threats to natural lakes ...........................290
Table 4.14
Comparison of climate change with other threats to estuarine aquatic communities .. 306
Table 4.15
Comparison of climate change with other threats to mountain bogs and fens ........ 314
Table 4.16
Comparison of climate change with other threats to estuarine wetland communities. 321
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2015 NC Wildlife Action Plan
Table 4.17
Comparison of climate change with other threats to blackwater foodplains...........328
Table 4.18
Comparison of climate change with other threats to brownwater foodplains.........334
Table 4.19
Comparison of climate change with other threats to inland foodplains..................341
Table 4.
20
Comparison of climate change with other threats to freshwater tidal wetlands .....348
Table 4.21
Comparison of climate change with other threats to nonalluvial mineral wetlands ..353
Table 4.22
Comparison of climate change with other threats to pocosins ..................................361
Table 4.23
Comparison of climate change with other threats to upland pools and depressions ..369
Table 4.24
Comparison of climate change with other threats to upland seepages and spray clifs .....374
Table 4.
25
Comparison of climate change with other threats to wet pine savannas ..................379
Table 4.26
Comparison of climate change with other threats to caves and mines .....................387
Table 4.27
Comparison of climate change with other threats to spruce−fr forests ...................394
Table 4.28
Comparison of climate change with other threats to northern hardwood forests....401
Table 4.29
Comparison of climate change with other threats to cove forests .............................406
Table 4.
30
Comparison of climate change with other threats to mafc glades and barrens....... 411
Table 4.31
Comparison of climate change with other threats to grass and heath balds ............415
Table 4.32
Comparison of climate change with other threats to high-elevation clifs and rock outcrops ............................................................................................................419 Comparison of climate change with other threats to low-elevation fatrocks, clifs, and rock outcrops ..................................................................................................427
Table 4.33
Table 4.34
Comparison of climate change with other threats to mesic forests............................433
Table 4.
35
Comparison of climate change with other threats to dry coniferous forests.............438
Table 4.36
Comparison of climate change with other threats to oak and mixed hardwood pine forest and managed timber ....................................................................................445
Table 4.37
Comparison of climate change with other threats to montane oak forests...............451
Table 4.38
Comparison of climate change with other threats to dry Longleaf Pine communities..457
Table 4.39
Comparison of climate change with other threats to maritime forests .....................463
Table 4.
40
Comparison of climate change with other threats to maritime grasslands ..............469
Table 4.41
Comparison of climate change with other threats to successional communities ....485
Table 4.42
Comparison of climate change with other threats to sparsely settled mixed habitats ... 491
Table 4.43
Federal and state listing status abbreviations...............................................................501
Table 4.44
Water quality classifcation and rating information for the Broad River Basin.........509
Table 4.
45
SGCN in the Broad River Basin....................................................................................... 510
Table 4.46
Knowledge-gap priority species in the Broad River Basin...........................................513
Table 4.47
Water quality classifcation and rating information for the Cape Fear River Basin..517
Table 4.48
SGCN in the Cape Fear River Basin................................................................................ 518
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2015 NC Wildlife Action Plan
Table 4.49
Knowledge-gap priority species in the Cape Fear River Basin....................................521
Table 4.
50
Water quality classifcation and rating information for the Catawba River Basin....525
Table 4.51
SGCN in the Catawba River Basin..................................................................................526
Table 4.52
Knowledge-gap priority species in the Catawba River Basin......................................529
Table 4.53
Water quality classifcation and rating information for the Chowan River Basin.....533
Table 4.54
SGCN in the Chowan River Basin ..................................................................................534
Table 4.
55
Knowledge-gap priority species in the Chowan River Basin.......................................537
Table 4.56
Water quality classifcation and rating information for the French Broad River Basin... 541
Table 4.57
SGCN in the French Broad River Basin..........................................................................542
Table 4.58
Knowledge-gap priority species in the French Broad River Basin..............................547
Table 4.59
Water quality classifcation and rating information for the Hiwassee River Basin...552
Table 4.
60
SGCN in the Hiwassee River Basin ................................................................................553
Table 4.61
Knowledge-gap priority species in the Hiwassee River Basin.....................................557
Table 4.62
Water quality classifcation and rating information for the Little Tennessee River Basin........................................................................................................................561
Table 4.63
SGCN in the Little Tennessee River Basin.....................................................................562
Table 4.64
Knowledge-gap priority species in the Little Tennessee River Basin.........................566
Table 4.
65
Water quality classifcation and rating information for the Lumber River Basin .....570
Table 4.66
SGCN species in the Lumber River Basin......................................................................571
Table 4.67
Knowledge-gap priority species in the Lumber River Basin .......................................574
Table 4.68
Water quality classifcation and rating information for the Neuse River Basin ........578
Table 4.69
SGCN priority species in the Neuse River Basin...........................................................579
Table 4.
70
Knowledge-gap priority species in the Neuse River Basin ..........................................584
Table 4.71
Water quality classifcation and rating information for the New River Basin ...........588
Table 4.72
SGCN in the New River Basin .........................................................................................589
Table 4.73
Knowledge-gap priority species in the New River Basin .............................................591
Table 4.74
Water quality classifcation and rating information for the Pasquotank River Basin ..595
Table 4.
75
SGCN in the Pasquotank River Basin ............................................................................596
Table 4.76
Knowledge-gap priority species in the Pasquotank River Basin.................................598
Table 4.77
Water quality classifcation and rating information for the Roanoke River Basin....603
Table 4.78
SGCN in the Roanoke River Basin..................................................................................604
Table 4.79
Knowledge-gap priority species in the Roanoke River Basin......................................607
Table 4.
80
Water quality classifcation and rating information for the Savannah River Basin..611
Table 4.81
SGCN in the Savannah River Basin................................................................................ 611
Table 4.82
Water quality classifcation and rating information for the Tar–Pamlico River Basin.617
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2015 NC Wildlife Action Plan
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