Wildlife Action Plan 2015 Revision Process White Paper
* Treat Categories (Descriptions from Salafsky et al. 2008): 9.1 Residential and commercial development. Treats from human settlements or other nonagricul- tural land uses with a substantial footprint. Includes housing and urban areas; commercial and industrial areas; and tourism and recreation areas. 9.2 Agriculture and aquaculture. Treats from farming and ranching as a result of agricultural expan- sion and intensifcation, including silviculture, mariculture, and aquaculture. Includes annual and perennial nontimber crops; wood and pulp plantations; and livestock farming and ranching. 9.3 Energy production and mining. Treats from production of nonbiological resources, and explor- ing for, developing, and producing petroleum and other liquid hydrocarbons. Includes oil and gas drilling; mining and quarrying; and renewable energy. 9.4 Transportation and service corridors. Treats from long, narrow transport corridors and the vehi- cles that use them including associated wildlife mortality. Includes roads and railroads; utility and service lines; shipping lines; and fight paths. 9.5 Biological resource use. Treats are from consumptive use of “wild” biological resources including deliberate and unintentional harvesting efects; also persecution or control of specifc species. Includes hunting and collecting terrestrial animals; gathering terrestrial plants; logging and wood harvesting; and fshing and harvesting aquatic resources. 9.6 Human intrusions and disturbance. Treats are from human activities that alter, destroy, and dis- turb habitats and species associated with nonconsumptive uses of biological resources. Includes all recreational activities; military exercises; work and other activities (research, vandalism, law enforcement, illegal activities). 9.7 Natural system modifcations. Treats are from actions that convert or degrade habitat in service of “managing” natural or seminatural systems, often to improve human welfare. Includes fre and fre suppression; man-made dams and water management/use; other ecosystem modifcations (land reclamation; shoreline hardening; beach reconstruction, snag removal from streams, etc.). 9.8 Invasive and other problematic species and genes. Treats from nonnative and native plants, ani- mals, pathogens/microbes, or genetic materials that have or are predicted to have harmful efects on biodiversity following their introduction, spread, and/or increase in abundance. Includes inva- sive nonnative/alien species; problematic native species (e.g., beavers); introduced genetic mate- rial (e.g., genetically modifed insects; hatchery- or aquaculture-raised species). 9.9 Pollution. Treats from introduction of exotic and/or excess materials or energy from point and nonpoint sources. Includes household sewage and urban wastewater; industrial and military efu- ents; agricultural and forestry efuents; garbage and solid waste; airborne pollutants; and excess energy (e.g., ambient noise, sonar, cold or hot water from power plants, beach lights, etc.). 9.10 Climate change and severe weather. Treats from long-term climatic changes that may be linked to global warming and other severe climatic or weather events outside the natural range of vari- ation that could wipe out a vulnerable species or habitat. Includes habitat shifting and alteration; droughts; temperature extremes; storms and fooding. 9.11 Disease and pathogens. Bacteria, viruses, protozoa, fungi, and parasites. Exotic or introduced pathogens. Prion (nonviral, nonbacterial) disease. Hosts and reservoirs. Zoonotic diseases.
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2015 NC Wildlife Action Plan
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