3.9 Snails
2005; Johnson et al. 2013) . Snails in the Neritimorpha clade are restricted to coastal river environ- ments (Johnson et al. 2013) . Most freshwater snails have an operculum, use gills to breathe, mature slowly, and are long-lived dioecious species with internal fertilization. Operculate snails comprise about two-thirds of all North American freshwater snails. Freshwater snails with an operculum are descended from marine ancestors and extract oxygen from the water with a single gill. Tey have separate sexes and a short reproductive season, are slow-growing and long-lived, and very sensitive to environmental changes (Johnson 2009) . Eggs are attached to frm sub- strates between late spring and early summer. Aquatic snails can dominate benthic stream communities in numbers (Hawkins and Furnish 1987; Johnson and Brown 1997; Johnson et al. 2013) and can comprise more than 90% of the macro- invertebrate species in wetland habitats (Suski et al. 2012 ); can signifcantly infuence algal primary productivity (Brown and Lydeard 2010; Johnson et al. 2013); and play a pivotal role in aquatic food webs and nutrient cycles (Covich et al. 1999; Johnson et al. 2013). Most freshwater species graze on algae and bioflms and some are suspension or deposit feeders. None are predatory (Burch 1989; Brown and Lydeard 2010; Johnson et al. 2013) . Snails are prey for numerous fshes from the families Acipenseridae, Cyprinidae, Catostomidae, Ictaluridae, Centrarchidae, and Percidae (Boschung and Mayden 2004; Johnson et al. 2013 ), as well as other aquatic and terrestrial species (e.g., Map Turtles, Snail Kites, and Muskrats) (Cagle 1952; Vogt 1981; Neves and Odum 1989; Bourne 1993; Johnson et al. 2013) . A list of freshwater snail SGCN is provided in Table 3.25 and the Taxa Team evaluation results can be found in Appendix G. River basin and habitat associations for these species can be found in Appendix H.
T ABLE 3.25 Freshwater snail SGCN
Federal/ State Status*
Family
Scientifc Name Amnicola sp. 1
Common Name Waccamaw Snail Waccamaw Siltsnail
Amnciolidae Hydrobiidae Lithoglyphidae
—/SC —/SC
Cincinnatia (Floridobia) sp.
Somatogyrus sp. 1
a hydrobid snail
—
Somatogyrus virginicus Helisoma eucosmium Planorbella magnifca
Panhandle Pebblesnail Greenfeld Rams-horn Magnifcent Rams-horn
FSC/— FSC/E
Planorbidae
C/E
Elimia christyi Leptoxis virgata
Pleuroceridae
Christy’s Elimia Smooth Mudalia
FSC/E FSC/—
* See Table 3.2 for abbreviations.
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2015 NC Wildlife Action Plan
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