4.2 Aquatic Communities 217
4.2.1 Problems Afecting Aquatic Communities 219 4.2.2Recommendations 224 4.2.3 Coldwater Streams 228 4.2.4 Coolwater Streams 235 4.2.5 Warmwater Streams 241 4.2.6 Groundwater, Springs, and Subterranean Water Systems 245 4.2.7 Headwater Streams/Small Creeks 249
4.2.8 Large Creeks/Small Rivers 258 4.2.9 Medium River Communities 265 4.2.10 Large River Communities 272 4.2.11 Stream Swamp Systems 280 4.2.12 Natural Lakes 288 4.2.13 Reservoirs & Impoundments 293 4.2.14 Estuarine Aquatic Communities 300
4.3 Wetland Natural Communities 311 4.3.1 Bogs and Fens 311
4.3.2 Estuarine Wetland Communities 318 4.3.3 Floodplains—Blackwater Systems 325 4.3.4 Floodplains—Brownwater Systems 332 4.3.5 Floodplains—Inland Systems 337 4.3.6 Freshwater Tidal Wetlands 345 4.3.7 Nonalluvial Mineral Wetlands 350 4.3.8 Pocosins 357 4.3.9 Upland Pools and Depressions 364 4.3.10 Upland Seepages and Spray Clifs 372 4.3.11 Wet Pine Savannas 376
4.4 Terrestrial Communities 383 4.4.1 Caves and Mines 384 4.4.2 Spruce–Fir Forests 391
4.4.3 Northern Hardwood Forests 398 4.4.4 Cove Forests 404 4.4.5 Mafc Glades and Barrens 409 4.4.6 Grass and Heath Balds 413 4.4.7 High-Elevation Clifs and Rock Outcrops 417 4.4.8 Low Elevation Flatrocks, Clifs, and Rock Outcrops 423 4.4.9 Mesic Forests 431 4.4.10 Piedmont and Mountain Dry Coniferous Woodlands 436
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2015 NC Wildlife Action Plan
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