Our Founders and Forebearers: Through Centuries of Struggle Agai of a National Economy—Undaunted, Blacks Fight for Liberty, Equa
1788 U.S. Constitution is ratified, including the Three-Fifths Clause, giving southern states outsized political power in the U.S. Congress. — The First African Baptist Church of Savannah, GA is organized. Benjamin Banneker, a Black author, surveyor and landowner, challenges Thomas Jeffer- son's views on the intellectual capacity of Blacks in writing.
1776 Declaration of Independence
1866 Civil Rights Act passes over presi- dential veto: all persons born in the U.S. are citizens. — Ku Klux Klan (KKK) forms in Tennessee. — Buffalo Soldiers are formed. 1867 Morehouse College is founded. — Howard University is founded. 1868 Hampton Institute is founded. —
1565 African slaves
1839 La Amistad slave revolt leads to U.S. v. Amistad and the slaves gaining their freedom. 1843
populate St. Augus- tine, FL as the first permanent Euro- pean settlement. 1619 "20 and Odd" enslaved Africans are sold at Point Comfort, today's Fort Monroe, in Hampton, VA. 1662 Virginia adopts partus sequitur ventrem, binding children born to enslaved mothers 1705 Virginia Slave codes define as slaves all those servants who were not Christian in their countries of birth, including American Indians. as slaves, regardless of the father's race or status. 1739 "Stono Rebellion" in South Carolina, along with other attempts to throw off the shackles of slavery, lead to laws across the colonies forbidding the as- sembly and educa- tion of enslaved Africans.
signed. Forty of the fifty-six signers own slaves. Through- out the American Revolution, Blacks escape to British lines to fight in exchange for free- dom. It is estimat- ed that as many as 10,000 settle in the Nova Scotia area and throughout the Caribbean.
1856 Wilberforce University is founded. 1857
Isabella Baum- free, a former
The U.S. Supreme Court in Dred Scott v. Sandford denies the U.S. Constitution ap- plies to Blacks. 1861-65 Approximately 180,000 Blacks serve in the Union Army during the Civil War. 1863 Emancipation Proc- lamation issued. 1865 The Thirteenth Amendment is ratified. Freedman's Bu- reau is established. Southern states enact Black Codes in response. — Shaw Institute is founded. Atlanta College is founded. — Juneteenth is commemorated.
slave, changes her name to Sojourner Truth, and advo- cates the abolition of slavery.
1781
1847
In Brom and Bett v. Ashley, MumBet, later Elizabeth Freeman, wins her freedom in Mas- sachusetts. Later, in Quock Walker v. Jennison leads to Quock's freedom under arguments that slavery was contrary to the Bible and the state constitution.
The Fourteenth Amendment is ratified. 1870 The Fifteenth Amendment is ratified. —
1808 U.S. Congress
1816 The African Meth- odist Episcopal (AME) is founded. passes Act Prohibiting Importation of Slaves.
Frederick Douglass begins publica- tion of the North Star abolitionist newspaper.
Christian Meth- odist Episcopal Church is founded.
1831 "Nat Turner's Rebellion" leads
1849 Harriet Tubman escapes slavery and begins the Underground Railroad.
1791
to more laws being enacted prohibiting education of Blacks (enslaved or free).
Hiram Rhodes Revels becomes first Black member of the U.S. Senate.
26 | WINTER - SPRING 2022 ♦ THE JOURNAL
PUBLISHING ACHIEVEMENT IN EVERY FIELD OF HUMAN ENDEAVOR
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