inst Legalized Repression in the U.S., Blacks are the Cornerstone ality and Justice Through Advocacy, Association and Action 1871 Civil Rights Act empowers the president to suspend habeas corpus to combat 1883 1892 1875 Civil Right Act is enacted to "pro- tect all citizens in their civil and legal rights." Louisiana enacts the first statewide grandfather clause that provides ex- 1898
Founder Paul Waymond Caine is born on May 17.
W.E.B. Dubois publishes The Tal- ented Tenth and The Souls of Black Folk . emption for illiter- ate Whites to voter registration literacy test requirements. 1901 Booker T. Washing- ton publishes Up From Slavery. 1903 Sigma Pi Phi Fraternity is founded in Philadelphia, PA. 1904
1880 In Strauder v. West Virginia, the U.S. Supreme Court rules that Black cannot be excluded from juries. 1877 The withdrawal of federal troops from the South is gener- ally regarded as the end of the Recon- struction Era that began in 1865. 1881 Spelman Seminary is founded.
Founder Elder Watson Diggs is born on December 23. — The Civil Rights Cases hold that Congress does not have the authority to outlaw racial discrimination by private individuals. The Philadelphia Tribune is founded. 1887 The State Normal School for Colored Students is founded. 1884
Founder Byron Kenneth Armstrong is born on April 8.
the KKK and other White supremacy organizations. 1872
1893
Founder George Wesley Edmonds is born on August 13.
Founder Edward Giles Irvin is born on September 7.
Pinckney Benton Stewart Pinchback, is the first Black to become governor of a U.S. state, serving as the 24 th Governor of Louisiana. 1873 The Slaughter- House cases narrow the interpretation of the Fourteenth Amendment. — Large-scale mur- ders of Blacks oc- cur throughout the south: the Colfax Massacre and the Coushatta Massacre among others, are carried out by the White League, the Red Shirts and other groups.
1895
Founder John Milton Lee is born on September 7.
Booker T. Washington delivers the Atlanta Com- prise address.
1891
1889
1906 Alpha Phi Al- pha Fraternity is founded at Cornell University. The Chicago De- fender is founded. 1905
William Edward Burghardt Du Boise becomes the first Black person
Founder Erza D. Alexander is born on July 18.
Founder Marcus Peter Blakemore is born on January 3.
Booker T. Washington founds Tuskegee Normal and Industrial Institute. 1882 Virginia Normal and Collegiate In- stitute is founded.
to earn a Ph.D from Harvard University.
1890
1896 In Plessy v. Ferguson the U.S. Supreme Court declares the "separate but equal" doctrine law.
1908 Alpha Kappa
Founder Guy Levis Grant is born on April 9.
Alpha Sorority is founded at How- ard University.
Founder Henry Tourner Asher is born on June 30.
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