75 YEARS OF GENETICS AND GENOMICS IN THE NATIONAL HEALTH SERVICE (NHS) 1948
RESEARCH AND DISCOVERY
HEALTHCARE
BIRTH OF THE NHS
GENETIC DISCOVERIES
1946 1948 1958
1953 1956 1961
First genetic counselling clinic in Europe is established at Great Ormond Street Hospital NHS is launched The first consultant clinical geneticist is appointed in the UK at Great Ormond Street Hospital
The DNA double helix structure is identified The number of human chromosomes is established Genetic code is deciphered: How DNA provides the instructions to make an organism
EARLY GENETICS SERVICES
FIRST DNA SEQUENCING
1960 1971
Cytogenetics begins to be used for diagnoses Cytogenetics is funded in some laboratories by the NHS
1977
Sanger sequencing is developed and first genome (a bacteriophage) is sequenced
COPYING DNA
1983
Polymerase chain reaction (PCR), a way of making copies of DNA, is developed— essential for most sequencing technologies
EARLY DIAGNOSTICS
1985
First NHS-funded DNA diagnostic service is launched
TESTING AND DIAGNOSTICS
Human Genome Project is completed UK government announces 100,000 Genomes Project Cost of sequencing a whole genome reduces to $1,000 First patient enrolled in 100,000 Genomes Project receives diagnoses GENOMICS IN THE NEW MILLENNIUM Human Genome Project begins First bacterial genome is sequenced First human chromosome (22) is sequenced GETTING SERIOUS ABOUT SEQUENCING 100,000 whole genome is sequenced NHS patients having a sequencing test given a choice to allow approved researchers to access their de-identified genomic data and samples for clinical studies Genomics England launches Newborn Genomes Programme to explore benefits and challenges of sequencing and analysing newborns’ genomes 100,000 GENOMES AND BEYOND
1997 2001
DNA sequencing is used within NHS diagnostic services Molecular testing for BRCA1&2 mutations is conducted in high-risk families
1990 1995 1999
SETTING THE DIRECTION FOR
2013 2014
First multigene sequencing diagnostic test for tumour profiling is conducted in the NHS NHS Genomics Education Programme is launched to support NHS staff to have the right knowledge, skills, and experience in genomics NHS Genomic Medicine Service is established with a network of seven Genomic Laboratory Hubs and a new National Genomic Test Directory Genomics Education Programme launches GeNotes to support clinicians in accessing the right genomic test for their patient Five-month old baby with spinal muscular dystrophy becomes first NHS patient to be treated with life-changing gene therapy NHS publishes Accelerating Genomic Medicine in the NHS—a strategy for embedding genomics in the NHS over the next 5 years REALISING THE VISION
2003 2012 2014 2016
2018
2021
2018 2018
2021
2021
2022
2023
23
Malaysian Technology Strategic Outlook 2023/2024 Energy, Healthcare & Space Industry
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