The pharmaceutical industry supply chain can be separated into three levels from manufacturers and importers to both public and private providers of the products as below : Level 1: Manufacturers and importers of medicine • Consist of local manufacturers that produce generic drugs for the domestic market and in the case of big companiesexport markets. • These are also importers, basically MNCs from high income countries that import patented medicines from their parent companies; and also, local importers much smaller in sizethat import generic medicines. I. Independent distributors in Malaysia, this group is dominated by two independent MNC: Distributors (Zuellig and DKSH) that provide logistics services to most of the MNC importers II. Bumiputera agents: These act as tender agents for local non- Bumiputera and foreign pharmaceutical companies bidding for government contracts III. Subsidiaries of manufacturers that own wholesale and distribution companies IV. Retail pharmacies that also engage in wholesaling: They represent the largest in terms of numbers but account for only a small part of the market share Level 3: Public and private providers • These establishments provide medicines directly to patients and end users. • The private sector providers in the supply chain are the private clinics run by general practitioners and specialists, private hospitals, and pharmacy companies in the private sector; meanwhile the public providers are the public hospitals and the Ministry of Health (MOH) clinics in Malaysia. Level 2: Wholesale and distributors (licence) Consist of companies that can be categorised as: SUPPLY & VALUE CHAIN: UNDERSTANDING STRENGTHS & OPPORTUNITIES PHARMACEUTICAL
Malaysian Technology Strategic Outlook 2023/2024 Energy, Healthcare & Space Industry 76
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