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On Sept. 30, 1972 — almost 50 years ago today — President Richard Nixon declared Sunday, Oct. 1, National Heritage Day. “I call upon all Americans to reflect upon the composite vitality, enthusiasm, and tenacity of the many separate peoples who have built our beloved country,” Nixon wrote. Here in Iowa, our state’s heritage is complicated. Before settlers arrived from other countries, the Dakota Sioux, Iowa (or Ioway), Otoe, Sauk, and Mesquakie tribes lived throughout the state. The Iowa tribe was the most widespread. They called themselves the Bah-Kho-Je, or “People of the Grey Snow,” because in the winter, smoke from their fires gave their snow- covered dwellings a gray cast. The Bah-Kho-Je people lived peacefully in the area until 1824, when settlers from the other American colonies moved west and forced them off of their land. Similar situations happened across the state with other tribes. This, as you would imagine, caused conflict! The most famous example was the Spirit Lake Massacre of 1857. In the spring of that year, a Dakota Chief named Inkpaduta led an attack on a settlement near what is today the city of Spirit Lake, Iowa. They killed more than 30 pioneers and kidnapped four young women. (No one is quite sure what motivated the massacre. It may have been the result of conflict over food and land after a harsh winter or revenge for the murder of Inkpaduta’s brother, sister-in-law, and their five children.) Whatever the cause, the Spirit Lake Massacre brought us one of Iowa’s most famous stories: the tale of Abigail Gardner Sharp. Abigail was one of the girls kidnapped during the massacre and carried off to the Minnesota territory. She was just 13 years old at the time. Although two of the captured girls were killed, Abigail survived and was eventually ransomed by the state of Minnesota for $400. She married and lived a long life, even turning her father’s original land (in what is now Arnolds Park, Iowa) into a tourist attraction! According to the Census Bureau, most Iowans today have German, Irish, English, Native American, Norwegian, Dutch, and Swedish roots. Though our history isn’t perfect, we’ve overcome the conflicts of the past and come together as a single, proud Heartland people.
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