PAPERmaking! g FROM THE PUBLISHERS OF PAPER TECHNOLOGY ® Volume 11, Number 3, 2025
we consider (1) the land-use dynamics of smallholder households, (2) the formation of pasture by large-scale ranchers, and (3) structural processes of land aggregation by ranchers. Much has been written about relations between smallholders and ranchers in the Brazilian Amazon, particularly involving conflict over land, and this article explicates the implications of such social processes for land cover. Toward this end, we draw on panel data (1996-2002) and satellite imagery (1986-1999) to show the deforestation that is attributable to small- and largeholders, and the deforestation that is attributable to aggregations of property arising from a process that we refer to as frontier stratification. Evidently, most of the recent deforestation in the study area has resulted from the household processes of smallholders, not from conversions to pasture pursuant to the appropriations of smallholders’ property by well-capitalized ranchers of speculators. 2. Evaluative – in this type of summary you will also describe or inform, but the main difference is that you include your opinion of the original work; you are evaluating the quality of the original work. Evaluative summaries can be long or short, but many of your evaluative summaries will be no more than a paragraph long. They are typically found in your literature review. Example Hayton (1995) points to increased citizen participation as a means of helping local politicians define the public interest and make better decisions in open government. However, this statement suggests that community involvement is a panacea for weak political leadership or poor administrative skills, which it is not. Community consultation focuses on defined topics relating to regeneration and renewal only, and it is no replacement for the normal democratic or administrative process of local government. When summarising other people’s work you frequently introduce it by mentioning the writer's name and use a neutral (objective) verb that indicates the writer's approach to the topic. These verbs describe or report what has been done by others or what the writer does in their paper. The following is a list of some neutral reporting verbs. Table 1 shows verbs which are usually followed by ‘that’, and Table 2 shows verbs that are usually followed by a ‘noun phrase’. Table 1: Neutral reporting verbs usually followed by ‘that’. acknowledge conclude comment confirm demonstrate Establish explain find indicate note Observe point out propose report show State suggest Table 2: Neutral reporting verbs usually followed by a ‘noun phrase’. Analyse define describe discuss examine Explore focus on identify investigate list Mention present question review study survey
Article 12 – Summarising
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