Fractal Fract. 2025 , 9 , 123
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2. Materials and Methods 2.1. Materials
Table 1 lists the general printing and writing paper samples used in this study, along with their basis weights, thicknesses, and densities. The samples were conditioned for longer than 48 h at a temperature of 23 ◦ C ± 1 ◦ C and relative humidity (RH) of 50% ± 2%, according to ISO 187:2022 [19].
Table1. Physical properties of printing paper samples.
Basis Weight, g/m 2
Thickness, mm Density, g/cm 3
Sample P&W1 P&W2 P&W3 P&W4 P&W5 P&W6 P&W7 P&W8 P&W9 P&W10 P&W11 P&W12.
86.9 76.0 74.1 81.7 84.4 83.6 80.9 80.9 72.5 79.5 89.2 89.4
0.11 0.10 0.10 0.11 0.11 0.11 0.11 0.11 0.11 0.10 0.11 0.11
0.78 0.74 0.72 0.74 0.77 0.76 0.74 0.75 0.66 0.75 0.82 0.81
Note: P&W12 is coated paper with coating color using P&W11 as base paper.
2.2. Surface Characterization For surface characterization using a stylus-based contact profilometer (Figure 2), a surface profile is required. Figure 3 shows the surface roughness profile of P&W1 measured using a Kato surface tester (KES-SESRU, Kato Tech, Kyoto, Japan). The test parameters were set as follows: a scan length of 20 mm, a scan speed of 1 mm/s, and a data acquisition rate of 1000 Hz (equivalent to 1000 points per second) [17]. Each sample was measured 10 times in the machine direction (MD). The experiments were conducted under controlled conditions of 23 ◦ C ± 1 ◦ Cand50% ± 2%RH.
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Figure2. Configuration of surface tester and conical stylus.
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