1906
Journal of Material Cycles and Waste Management (2025) 27:1901–1913
Table 2 Comparison of specific energy consumption between industrial and laboratory processes
Reference
Equipment
Specific energy con- sumption (kWh/ metric ton)
Pulper
392
Recycled—Bajpai [23]
Recycled/virgin, Disc refiner—Smook [24] Recycled/virgin, Claflin refiner—Smook [24] Recycled/virgin, Jordan refiner—Smook [24] Linerboard – Base, Disc refiner – J&L [25] Linerboard – Top, Disc refiner – J&L [25] Medium – Waste, Disc refiner – J&L [25] Grades with OCC, Disc refiner – J&L [25]
Stock Preparation Refiner
70/230 90/250
116/280 99–138 197–237 39–59 50–100
Dispersion
60–80
Roux [26]
Kneading
60–80
Roux [26]
Fan pump
13
Calculated value based on data from Biermann [27]
PFI (1-rev)
0.18
UBKP referred from Kerekes [21]
0.15
SCHW and WS referred from Kerekes [21]
PFI (4,500-rev)
810
Calculated value based on Kerekes [21]
675
Calculated value based on Kerekes [21]
PFI (1,500-rev)
270
Calculated value based on Kerekes [21]
225
Calculated value based on Kerekes [21]
PFI (500-rev)
75
Calculated value based on Kerekes [21]
PFI (200-rev)
30
Calculated value based on Kerekes [21]
TAPPI Disintegration (15,000 rev, 5 min) 224
Measured by power meter
TAPPI Disintegration (1-rev)
0.015
Measured by power meter
TAPPI Disintegration (repulpability, 15,000 rev, 5 min)
171
Measured by power meter according to the standard of Fibre Box Association (FBA)
TAPPI Disintegration (repulpability, 1-rev)
0.011
Measured by power meter according to the standard of Fibre Box Association (FBA)
Blender (repulpability)
1,615
Measured by power meter according to the standard of Fibre Box Association (FBA)
were used to explore how the energy levels chosen can affect the results. The lab scale recycling shows yield losses from the handsheet-making process in which the pulp stock initially starts at 0.3% consistency and ends up around 10% when couched off the wire. The paper machine wire had 0.3 by 0.3 mm openings allowing small fibers and fines to be lost. No retention aid or recirculation of the water was used. The experimental lab methods used herein for yield loss cannot mimic all the different actual conditions and environments of industrial pulp and paper processing but are a reasonable way to provide yield losses that can be used to track relative differences in yields amongst different pulp fibers. As expected, the UBKP showed very high yields with yields per cycle around 97% in Fig. 3. This is because UBKP is a long and coarse fiber, and most of the fibers can be retained in the paper web over the paper machine wire during handsheet formation. It is interesting to note that even though SCHW is a short fiber, it still produced a yield of 82% for cycle 0, and it also demonstrated quite
Fig. 3 The Yield (for the individual cycle) and Yield’ (cumulative yield up to that cycle) of multiple recycle loops of UBKP, SCHW, and wheat straw with a heavily refined condition
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