Journal of Material Cycles and Waste Management (2025) 27:1901–1913
1913
the blends are very close to the weighted average of the yields of the pure SCHW and WS pure pulps. This indi- cates that wood-based pulps do not provide any protec- tion for the more fragile non-wood fibers during recy- cling loops. 5. The data that estimates the number of recycling loops before exhaustion should be useful in evaluating the overall environmental life cycle analysis and sustain- ability of different pulp fibers.
7. J. S. Greaves, “ScholarWorks at WMU The Effects of Multiple Recycles on Wheat Straw Fibers by,” 1998. 8. TAPPI 205 sp-02, “Forming handsheets for physical tests of pulp,” 2002. 9. TAPPI 248 sp-00, “Laboratory beating of pulp (PFI mill method),” 2000. 10. TAPPI 402 sp-98, “Standard conditioning and testing atmospheres for paper, board, pulp handsheets, and related products,” 1998. 11. TAPPI 271 om-98, “Fiber length of pulp and paper by automated optical,” 1998. 12. TAPPI 227 om-99, “Freeness of pulp (Canadian standard method),” 1999. 13. TAPPI, “UM 256 Water retention value ( WRV ),” p. 4, 2011. 14. TAPPI 410 om-98, “Grammage of paper and paperboard (weight per unit area),” 1998. 15. TAPPI 411 om-97, “Thickness (caliper) of paper, paperboard, and combined board,” 1997. 16. TAPPI 494 om-01, “Tensile properties of paper and paperboard (using constant rate of elongation apparatus),” 2001. 17. TAPPI 818 cm-97, “Ring crush of paperboard,” 1997. 18. A. Riley, “10 - Paper and paperboard packaging,” in Packaging Technology , A. Emblem and H. Emblem, Eds. Woodhead Pub- l i s h i n g , 2 0 1 2 , p p . 1 7 8 – 2 3 9 . h t t p s : / / d o i . o rg / 1 0 . 1 5 3 3 / 9 7 8 0 8 5 7 0 9 5 701.2.178. 19. Al-Maadeed MA, Labidi S (2013) Recycled polymers in natural fibre-reinforced polymer composites. Woodhead Publishing Lim- ited, Swaston 20. L. Zhang, A. Larsson, A. Moldin, and U. Edlund, “Comparison of lignin distribution, structure, and morphology in wheat straw and wood,” Ind. Crops Prod. , vol. 187, no. PB, p. 115432, 2022, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.indcrop.2022.115432. 21. Kerekes RJ (2005) Characterizing refining action in PFI mills. TAPPI J 4(3):9–14 22. Mayr M, Eckhart R, Winter H, Bauer W (2017) A novel approach to determining the contribution of the fiber and fines fraction to the water retention value (WRV) of chemical and mechani- cal pulps. Cellulose 24(7):3029–3036. https://doi.org/10.1007/ s10570-017-1298-6 23. Bajpai, Ed. Amsterdam: Elsevier, 2016, pp. 15–49. https://doi.org/ 10.1016/b978-0-12-803411-8.00003-2. 24. G. A. Smook, Chapter 13 Preparation of Papermaking Stock . 2 0 1 6 . h t t p s : / / d o i . o rg / 1 0 . 1 0 5 1 / 9 7 8 - 2 - 7 5 9 8 - 0 2 4 7 - 0 - 0 1 6 . 25. J&L Fiber Services, “Net Refining Requirements for Major Grades,” 2010. 26. J. Roux, “Stock Preparation Part 1 – Pulp Treatment Processes,” Trans. XIIth Fund. Res. Symp. Oxford , no. September 2001, pp. 1 9 – 8 0 , 2 0 1 8 , h t t p s : / / d o i . o rg / 1 0 . 1 5 3 7 6 / f r c . 2 0 0 1 . 1 . 1 9 . STO CK. 27. C. J. Biermann, “Stock Preparation and Additives for Papermak- ing,” Handb. Pulping Papermak. , pp. 190–208, 1996, https://doi. org/10.1016/b978-012097362-0/50012-1.
Supplementary Information The online version contains supplemen- tary material available at https://doi.org/10.1007/s10163-025-02227-2.
Acknowledgements This work was financially supported by the Department of Forest Biomaterials, College of Natural Resources, North Carolina State University, USA and SCG Packaging Public Company Limited, Thailand. Author contribution Natthawat Jirarotepinyo: Conceptualization, Methodology, Investigation, Visualization, Writing—Original Draft. Jenny Nguyen: Investigation. Anna Cross: Investigation. Hasan Jameel: Conceptualization, Methodology, Writing—Review & Editing. Rich- ard A. Venditti: Conceptualization, Methodology, Writing—Review & Editing.
Funding North Carolina State University, SCG Packaging, Thailand.
Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attri- bution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adapta- tion, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this licence, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.
References
1. Minor JL (1994) Hornification -Its origin and meaning. Prog Pap Recycl 3(2):93–95 2. Howard RC, Bichard W (1992) Basic effects of recycling on pulp properties. J Pulp Pap Sci 266(4):195–214 3. R. Eckhart, “Recyclability of Cartonboard and Carton,” 2021. 4. Bovin A, Hartler N, Teder A (1973) Changes in pulp quality due to repeated papermaking. Pap Technol Ind 14(5):261–264 5. McKee RC (1971) Effects of repulping on sheet properties and fibre characteristics. Pap Trade J 155(21):34–40 6. Kreplin F, Putz H, Schabel S (2019) Paperboard characteristics and corrugated base paper. TAPPI J 18(11):631–638
Publisher's Note Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.
Made with FlippingBook flipbook maker