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Table 1. Summary of data sources obtained in this research for biomass boiler combustion as compared to AP-42 for wood residue combustion. Timeframe refers to the time when the data were collected, not the years in which the boiler was set up. EPA’s AP-42 Database Data Obtained and Compiled in This Research Ɣ EPA’s AP-42 Chapter 1.6: “Wood Residue Combustion
Stack Test Data Ɣ POET Biorefining (Project Liberty, Iowa) stack test data ( published 2015, 2016, 2017, 2019 ) ż Timeframe: 2015–2019 Ɣ Wisconsin Electric (We) Energies stack test data and air permit application ( published 2019 ) ż Timeframe: 2019 Air Permits Ɣ Abengoa Bioenergy Biomass of Kansas (ABBK) air permit and application ( published 2011 and 2014 ) ż Timeframe: 2011 and 2014 Ɣ We Energies stack test data and air permit application ( published in 2019 ) ż Timeframe: 2019 NCASI Technical Reports Ɣ Comprehensive compilation and review of wood-fired boiler emissions ( published 2013 ) ż Timeframe: 2009–2012 Ɣ Comprehensive compilation and review of wood-fired boiler emissions ( published 2015 ) ż Timeframe: 2012 and later Ɣ Compilation of “air toxic” and total hydrocarbon emissions data for pulp and paper mill sources: a second update ( published 2010 ) ż Timeframe: 2004 and before Ɣ Methane and nitrous oxide emissions from biomass-fired boilers and recovery furnaces ( published 2012 ) ż Timeframe: 2009 EPA’s CEDRI database ○ Timeframe: Unknown CORRIM survey on emission factors from wood-fired boilers ( published 2017 ) ○ Timeframe: 2012
in Boiler” ( published 2003 ) ż Timeframe: 1975–1995 ż Source emission testing and sampling records from various wood-fired combustion units
(Dutch State Mines [DSM] Advanced Biofuels Project Liberty) in Emmetsburg, Iowa, and (b) Wisconsin Electric (We) Energies Biomass Cogeneration facility in Madison, Wisconsin. Biomass Cogeneration facilities produce heat and electricity using biomass wastes. We use the emissions (pounds per hour [lb/hr]) reported in the stack test data and heat input capacities, when avail- able, to estimate the emission factors in lb/MMBtu. POET Biorefining (DSM Advanced Biofuels Project Liberty) The POET facility utilizes a solid fuel boiler rated at 290 MMBtu/hr (operated at 267 MMBtu/hr) that burns a mixture of biomass, biogas, digester sludge, filter cake, syrup, biomass fines, and net wrap. The emissions of PM, NO x , and SO 2 from the boiler are controlled using baghouse, selective noncatalytic reduction (SNCR) and flue gas desulfurization (FGD), respec- tively. The stack test data covers the years 2015, 2016, 2017, and 2019, with information on fixed boiler name- plate capacity but different operating boiler heat input capacities (ARI Environmental, Inc. 2015, 2016, 2017; Montrose Air Quality Services, LLC. 2019). We Energies Biomass Cogeneration Facility We Energies is a 50-MW biomass-fueled cogeneration facility located next to a paper mill facility in Milwaukee,
Wisconsin. The boiler is a circulating fluidized bed boi- ler rated to operate at 800 MMBtu/hr that burns a mixture of logging residue, wood, bark, wood waste, forest residues, and wastewater sludge. Natural gas is only used for startup. The emissions of PM and NO x from the boiler are controlled using baghouse and SNCR, respectively. We obtained the data on the recent stack testing performed for the facility in 2019 (Wisconsin Department of Natural Resources 2019a). Summary of emission factors from stack test data Table 2 summarizes the operating information on type of feed, operating capacity, control technologies, and year of air permit (refer to SI for detailed informa- tion). Figure 1 shows the emission factors reported from stack test data sources described above. As shown in Figure 1, the stack-test-derived emission factors for the POET Biorefining pollutants are higher than those for We Energies, except for NO x and CO in 2017 and 2019, where POET has lower emission factors. POET does not report any emissions data for PM 10 , PM 2.5 , and HF. The emission factors for PM f , PM 10 , and PM 2.5 are estimated to be similar for We Energies and closely match the data reported in AP-42 (0.5 lb/MMBtu and 0.43 lb/MMBtu for PM 10 and PM 2.5 , respectively). Because POET Biorefining used a technology in which biomass goes through a series of pretreatment steps
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