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About the authors Arpit Bhatt , is a Bioenergy Process Analysis Engineer at the National Renewable Energy Laboratory (NREL), USA, and focuses his research on techno-economic analysis, sustainabil- ity analysis, and air pollutant emissions modeling of renewable energy technologies. Vikram Ravi , Ph.D., is a research scientist at the National Renewable Energy Laboratory (NREL), USA. His research activities include using atmospheric modeling and machine learning techniques to assess and quantify air quality and public health co-benefits from biofuel generation and use, vehicle electrification, and decarbonization in the power sector. Yimin Zhang , is a senior researcher at the National Renewable Energy Laboratory (NREL), USA, and focuses her research on the development and application of life-cycle analysis models, sustainability analysis, and economic impact analysis of low- and zero-carbon technologies and strategies. Garvin Heath , Ph.D., is an inaugural Distinguished Member of the Research Staff at the National Renewable Energy Laboratory (NREL), USA, specializing in the analysis of envir- onmental impacts of energy systems–renewable and conven- tional, electricity and fuels. Ryan Davis is a group manager and senior research engineer in the Economic, Sustainability, and Market Analysis group of the National Renewable Energy Laboratory (NREL), focusing on process modeling and techno-economic analysis for bioe- nergy technologies. Eric C. D. Tan , Ph.D., is a Senior Research Engineer in the Catalytic Carbon Transformation and Scale-up Center at the National Renewable Energy Laboratory (NREL), USA. His research activities include performing conceptual process design, techno-economic analysis, and various sustainability assessments.
The range of emission factors reported in this paper will be useful to permitting agencies, industrial facilities utilizing biomass-derived waste fuels, and biofuel devel- opers and can facilitate estimation of potential to emit, which is required for air permitting purposes. Providing public access to such data would help save time and mitigate risks associated with permit applications being delayed due to inaccurate emission calculations. Although specifics about the boiler configuration, exact fuel proper- ties, and other process parameters are important when selecting emission factors, this paper can be utilized as a starting point for emission estimation. Moreover, as the emission factors from published data sources are a useful starting point, performing detailed kinetic modeling of emissions from combustion of biomass-derived fuels could be a potential option for future research. In addi- tion, obtaining stack test data for new facilities that burn a combination of unconventional biomass-derived fuels can help improve the estimates. Acknowledgment This work was authored by Alliance for Sustainable Energy, LLC, the manager and operator of the National Renewable Energy Laboratory for the U.S. Department of Energy (DOE) under Contract No. DE-AC36-08GO28308. Support for the work was provided by ExxonMobil Research and Engineering Company (EMRE) under Agreement CRD-18-00765. We acknowledge funding from ExxonMobil. The views represented are those of the authors and do not necessarily reflect those of ExxonMobil. We thank Cynthia Randles and her team at EMRE for their valuable comments and inputs to the paper. The views expressed in the article do not necessarily represent the views of the DOE or the U.S. Government. The U.S. Government retains and the publisher, by accept- ing the article for publication, acknowledges that the U.S. Government retains a nonexclusive, paid-up, irrevocable, worldwide license to publish or reproduce the published form of this work, or allow others to do so, for U.S. Government purposes. We appreciate all the editing help from Susannah Shoemaker. We would like to thank Maureen Puettmann of CORRIM for sharing data on emis- sions from different (anonymous) boilers that CORRIM collected through a survey.
ORCID Arpit Bhatt Garvin Heath Eric C.D. Tan
http://orcid.org/0000-0002-3780-1800 http://orcid.org/0000-0001-6010-4475 http://orcid.org/0000-0002-9110-2410
Data availability statement The authors confirm that the data supporting the findings of this study are available within the article and its supplemen- tary materials. References ACHR News. 2016. Advances in boiler construction and design [Internet]. https://www.achrnews.com/articles/ 131381-advances-in-boiler-construction-and-design. Allen’s Tristate Mechanical. 2017. How industrial boilers keep plants running efficiently [Internet]. https://www.allenstris tate.com/how-industrial-boilers-keep-plants-running-effi ciently/.
Disclosure statement No potential conflict of interest was reported by the authors.
Funding The work was supported by the ExxonMobil Research and Engineering Company [CRD-18-00765]
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