Daisy A Sriwendari, Edwin K Sijabat / JBAT 9 (2) (2020) 126-134
added to obtain better quality parameters (Media, 2017) To meet the pulp industry capacity in 2000, 1.2 billion tree trunks were needed with the 166 million tons CO 2 unrelated impact (Aswandi, 2001). Increasing green industry awareness provides direction toward substituting raw materials for paper and cardboard from wood to non-wood (Setiawan, 1999). Paper can be made from all pulp containing cellulose. But until now wood cellulose still dominates as the main material used in the paper making process. Wood cellulose used for making paper is still mixed with other ingredients such as lignin and hemicellulose with a content of 16% and 25% of softwood or needle leaf wood (Sjostrom, 1995). Therefore, it is necessary to separate the cellulose from other ingredients. The separation process can be done in three ways, namely mechanical, chemical, and semi-chemical methods (Sjostrom, 1995). According to Syamsu et al. (2012), those three ways have several weaknesses like high energy consumption and can cause high environmental pollution. Environmental pollution rises due to the use of hazardous chemicals for the delignification process (dissolution of lignin) and the pulp bleaching process (on certain paper) using bleaching chemicals that can result in environmental pollution (Indonesia, 1976). Other weaknesses are the wood low productivity, long logging time required, and other environmental- related issues. These weaknesses or problems demand an alternative source of cellulose which is expected to replace wood cellulose as the raw material for making paper. One source of alternative cellulose is microbial cellulose (Halib et al., 2012). Microbial cellulose or bacterial cellulose is produced from several types of microorganisms (bacteria) including Acetobacter species, such as A. xylinum, A. aceti, A. cetianum , and A. Pasteuranum . According to Fitriani et al. (2016), bacterial nano cellulose (BNC) is an alternative source of environmentally friendly cellulose obtained from microbial aerobic fermentation of various species of Acetobacter (Erythrina, 2011). According to Syamsu et al. (2012), BNC has several advantages such as pure from chemicals (lignin, hemicellulose), high cellulose content, can be produced in a relatively short time, and the cellulose produced are already in sheet form (Suparto et al., 2012). Cellulose fibers derived from wood must go through a purification process to remove
hemicellulose, lignin, and other extractive substances found in wood. Thus the BNC pulp making process is relatively simple and environmentally friendly. Microbial cellulose that can be harvested after one week of cultivation is more potential than wood cellulose which can only be harvested after 4-6 years (Sijabat et al., 2017). According to Holmes (2004), bacterial cellulose has the same chemical structure as plant- derived cellulose and is a straight-chain polysaccharide composed of D-glucose molecules via β -1,4 bonds. The negative charge is caused by the same chemical structure constituting the two materials, namely cellulose, albeit of different sizes. Nano technology is a technology that results from the utilization of molecular properties that are smaller than 100 nanometers (Abdullah, 2009). The BNC has a diameter of about 2-20 nm and a length of 100 - 40,000 nm. The resulting cellulose is stronger, thinner, and lighter compared to cellulose from plants (Stanley et al. 2006). The porosity is also very low with a diameter of 70-80 nm, the degree of crystallinity is quite high at 60- 80% and the mechanical strength is large and the modulus of elasticity is high (Jonas & Farah, 1998). According to Mahmudah et al. (2014) , making paper by using BNC as an additive material and retention material with the addition of 20% can increase folding resistance up to 500% and as retention material can reduce porosity. BNC that is applied in recycled wood fiber have the strength that can compete with virgin pulp. This research describes the effect of using BNC from banana peel waste as an alternative raw material and as a substitute for using additive materials in the liner test paper making process. Thus it is expected to produce paper of the same quality and productivity yet is more environmentally friendly. According to Sijabat et al. (2017) paper produced with BNC from coconut water performed good physical strength, low porosity value, optimal tensile index was 51.97 at the 30% nanocellulose composition and optimal tear index was 64.64 at the 15% nanocellulose composition.
MATERIALS AND METHODS
Materials and Equipments
The materials used in this study include secondary fiber form Old Corrugated Carton (OCC), BNC, cationic retention aid, cationic starch, and alkyl ketene dimers (AKD) from
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