Haile et al. Bioresour. Bioprocess.
(2021) 8:35
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valuable products that will have an impact on everyday life. This requires a thorough analysis of generated bio- mass quantitatively and qualitatively and the current review is limited to envisaging the availability of biomass from the said mills, the current utilization scheme, and the potentiality for biomaterial production and diversi- fied application. Besides protection of the environment from undesired waste impacts, utilization of the wastes will greatly support the product diversity scheme and economic growth potency (Landrigan and Fuller 2015). Overview of pulp and paper industry Status of pulp and paper industry at a global perspective As one of the most important industries worldwide pulp and paper mills supply varied products for around 5 bil- lion people for versatile applications (Bajpai, 2015c). The paper is manufactured from pulp and a huge amount of trees is consumed for the pulp production with differ- ent shares by different countries in the world (Brännvall 2009, Cabreha 2017). The overall trend in the consump- tion of paper and paperboard by different countries and the forecasted consumption is shown in Fig. 1. The pulp and paper industry is one of the largest indus- tries in the world. The consumption of paper is domi- nated by North American, Northern European, and East Asian countries (Fig. 2) (Diesen et al. 1998; Gopal et al. 2019; Hammett et al. 2001). Other dominant countries with significant pulp and paper industries are Australia and South America. A massive and key contribution is expected from China and India in the upcoming few years. Considering the significant variation in consumption of paper products per person from the country to coun- try the global consumption of paper and paper board is
as climate change, natural sources depletion, ecosystem prevention, and environmental degradation (McKinnon 2010; Bajpai 2018b; Carroll and Turpin 2002). The wastes from pulp mills one way or the other have a contribu- tory effect on these factors and a feasible remedy needs to be designed for the overall protection of the environ- ment for its sustainability. The pulp industry wastewa- ter is generated from several sources like washing of raw wood materials before pulping, washing of cooked pulp and bleaching pulp, and finally, chemical recovery system (Song et al. 2019). Solid waste is produced primarily from the rejection of screening, primary and secondary sludge from wastewater management, and lime sludge from the chemical recovery system (Đurđević et al. 2020). Currently, a large amount of solid and liquid wastes are generated by the pulp and paper mills and environmen- tal aspects are becoming a major concern that needs intervention. The waste generated from pulp and paper mills adversely affects the environment from different per- spectives. The emissions from pulp and paper industries have a significant effect on the environment. The gen- erated waste from the pulp and paper industry causes severe harm to aquatic life, disturbs the food chain, and also causes various health implications (Gupta et al. 2019). The effect of pollutants on the environment has been assessed many times, but their mitigation still has a significant challenge (Gupta et al. 2019). Besides, many of the developing countries do not produce pulp. These paper mills use imported pulp and waste paper as raw materials. It is vital from an environmental and socio-economic social point of view to utilize appropriate technology to convert the wastes from pulp and paper mills to highly
Fig. 1 Yearly trend and future forecast on world paper production
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