Cellulose (2020) 27:6961–6976 https://doi.org/10.1007/s10570-020-03263-x (0123456789().,-volV) ( 0123458697().,-volV)
ORIGINAL RESEARCH
On the strength improvement of lightweight fibre networks by polymers, fibrils and fines
. Jukka A. Ketoja
. Timo Lappalainen . Veli-Matti Luukkainen .
Tiina Po¨hler
Ilkka Nurminen . Panu Lahtinen . Katariina Torvinen
Received: 28 June 2019 / Accepted: 21 May 2020 / Published online: 28 May 2020 The Author(s) 2020
Abstract Novel lightweight cellulose fibre materials containing various strength enhancing polymeric and fibrillar components were formed with the help of foam technology. Increasing inter-fibre bond strength and local material density was attempted with unique lignin-containing wood fines (V-fines), cellulose microfibrils (CMF), TEMPO-oxidized cellulose nanofibrils (TCNF), and macromolecules such as cationic starch, polyvinyl alcohol (PVA), and locust bean gum (LBG). The investigated fibres included both long hemp bast fibres and northern bleached softwood Kraft pulp. In the low-density range of 38–52 kg/m 3 , the compression stress and modulus were highly sensitive to inter-fibre bond properties, the multi-scale features of the fibre network, and the foaming agent employed. Still, the compression-stress
behaviour in most cases approached the same theo- retical curve, derived earlier by using a mean-field theory to describe the deformation behaviour. At 10% addition level of fine components, the specific com- pression stress and compression modulus increased in the order of V-fines \ CMF \ TCNF. A tremendous increase in the compression modulus was obtained with LBG, leading to a material surface that was very hard. In general, the foams made with PVA, which acts both as foaming agent and reinforcing macromolecule, led to better strength than what was obtained with a typical anionic sodium dodecyl sulphate surfactant. Strength could be also improved by refining the softwood pulp.
Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (https://doi.org/10.1007/s10570-020-03263-x) con- tains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users. T. Po¨hler ( & ) J. A. Ketoja T. Lappalainen V.-M. Luukkainen I. Nurminen P. Lahtinen K. Torvinen Solutions for Natural Resources and Environment, VTT Technical Research Centre of Finland Ltd, P.O. Box 1000, 02044 Espoo, Finland e-mail: tiina.pohler@vtt.fi
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