Haile et al. Bioresour. Bioprocess.
(2021) 8:35
Page 19 of 22
Conclusions Pulp and paper mills release a large amount of waste globally. Most of these wastes are directly disposed to landfills with minimal incineration and nil recycling. Though there are trials for the reuse of these wastes in some of the developed world the trend is almost none in developing countries. The present review has shown that the pulp and paper mill biomass; besides their conven- tional use, can be converted into biomaterials that have high value for versatile applications. It is revealed that the biomass generated from the mills provides ingredients for the synthesis of biomaterials such as lignin, hemicel- lulose, cellulose, and various minerals. The paramount importance of biomass ingredients is that they can be converted into high value-added biomaterials using an appropriate biorefinery system. With this regard, a pos- sibility is observed that potentially important engineer- ing materials such as carbon fiber, bioplastic, and fibers, CNC, and biocomposites can be manufactured from waste biomass for diversified engineering applications. The synthesized biomaterials through appropriate and feasible technologies will be useful for the manufac- turing of versatile bio-based products that are used in widespread conventional, high-performance, and smart applications. Future study will entail extensive research and development work to develop appropriate tech- nologies for their full utilization and commercialization as a source of some of the proposed applications men- tioned in this review. In so doing dual the impact of the newly investigated materials is realized both from the economic point of view through product diversification
precipitation reorganize into the polymeric three-dimen- sional aluminosilicate structures. Besides fly ash, sawdust from the pulp and paper mill waste is another potential source for the manufactur- ing of biocomposite (Zhang et al. 2020). Sawdust which mainly constitutes cellulose can be used in blending for synergistic enhancement of the reinforcement of the composite structures. The inherent biodegradability made it a preferred raw material in biocomposite applica- tions (Zhang et al. 2020; Jiang et al. 2009). Through advanced composite engineering and charac- terization, different biocomposites can be manufactured from sawdust and fly ash and modeled for a multitude of applications. The diverse applications of biocomposite from fly ash and saw dust-based biomaterials are summa- rized (Fig. 14). Both sawdust and fly ash-based biomate- rial provide high heat resistant biocomposite suitable for high-performance applications. The biocomposite from sawdust cellulose can be used in the manufacturing of automotive interior, different boards, furniture, packag- ing, and so on, whereas fly ash based biocomposite can be used in the production of civil engineering materials mainly in construction technology (Zhang et al. 2020; Akampumuza et al. 2017; El ‐ Meligy et al. 2004). In both fly ash and sawdust systematic collection of sample raw material for biorefinery needs attention as they mostly are lightweight and interfere with a feasible collection. Improper management of sample collection could result in disturbance of the working environment and personal safety through inhalation needing high priority of condi- tioning at work stations.
Fig. 14 Possible applications of biocomposites from pulp and paper mill waste
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