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however, that even when CSS was considered as a co-product, the CSS paper production still outperformed conventional paper production. Considering the main results obtained, it is worth mentioning that the customers consumer behavior might favor the CSS option due to being more attractive because of environmental impact reasons. In recent years, there has been a substantial increase in demand for “green” products and, when marketed as such, consumers might be willing to accept a higher price point for a product with a lower environmental impact. In fact, one study showed that 37% of consumers are willing to pay up to 5% more for a more environmentally friendly product [54]. Further research concerning consumers’ willingness to pay with regards to CSS paper is recommended. Another point deserves to be mentioned. CSS has no market, at least in Italy, and this material is disposed of as a waste or given away for free to people interested in valorizing it. Following this work it could become a very attractive substitute for virgin cellulose in paper making, thus achieving a monetary value and adding profit to the roasters. Of course this is where policy and regulation play a landmark role for the implementation of the circular economy and industrial symbiosis. 5. Conclusions To conclude the current work, the main findings are summarized as follows: • An about 10% environmental impact reduction can be achieved by substituting exist- ing methods with the novel silverskin paper production method. • We found approximately 13% reduction in greenhouse gas emissions when comparing the silverskin paper production method to the conventional method. • The limited availability of data and information to carry out the given investigation required the study team to make several assumptions. Please refer to Section 2.1.3.5 (Coffee production) for more information concerning this issue. Thus, the findings of the given case study demonstrate the feasibility in utilizing silverskin as a substitute to other raw materials to produce paper pulp at the Italian national level. These results also show the relevance of applying LCA analysis when designing circular economy and industrial symbiosis pathways. Author Contributions: Conceptualization. M.B., S.P., N.R. and E.O.; Data curation. M.B., S.P. and A.M.; Writing. E.O., S.P., M.B. and N.R.; Supervision. S.P., N.R. and A.M.; Validation. S.P., M.B., N.R. and A.M. All authors have read and agreed to the published version of the manuscript. Funding: This research was financed by the Cariplo Foundation and Innovhub-Stazioni Sperimentali per l’Industria S.r.l., Project 2017-0988. Acknowledgments: The authors would like to acknowledge FAVINI srl for providing essential data
and information for the performed LCA and LCC analysis. Conflicts of Interest: The authors declare no conflict of interest.
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