S. Basu, S. Malik, G. Joshi et al.
Carbohydrate Polymer Technologies and Applications 2 (2021) 100050
Table 2 Common chemical additives in paper industries and their ill-effects.
Function in Paper Industry
Common chemical additives in paper industries ( Antoni Ginebreda et. al., 2006 )
Harmful effect(s) of the chemicals
Bio-polymers imparting similar functions
Retention aids
Polyaluminium chloride (PAC)
Decreases pH of water bodies; lethal to aquatic zooplanktons ( Jan č ula, Mikula & Mar š álek, 2011 ) Cytotoxic and neurotoxic effect in animals ( Nones, Riella, Trentin & Nones, 2015 ) Carcinogenic; mutagenic, teratogenic, epidermiological effects, metabolic distress to aquatic organisms, neurotoxic etc. ( King & Noss, 1989 ) Detrimental to microbial population in the environment (bacteria and fungi), eco-toxic ( Mortimer, Kasemets, Heinlaan, Kurvet & Kahru, 2008 ) Detrimental to microbial population in the environment ( Westman, Ek, Enarsson & Wågberg, 2009 ) Toxic to fishes and microbial population ( Demirel, Güdül, Temiz, Kustas & Aydin, 2018 ; Hermens, 1990 ) Detrimental to microbial population, hepatotoxic effects, carcinogenic effects ( Loprieno et al., 1976 ; Vodicka et al., 2006 ) Risk of systemic toxicity and genotoxic effect in grazing animals ( Stegelmeier, Gardner, James, Panter & Molyneux, 1996 ) Risks of respiratory diseases, allergies, systemic disorders, neurotoxic effects ( L’Abbé & Hoey, 1984 ; Norman & Newhouse, 1986 ; Songur, Ozen & Sarsilmaz, 2010 ) Detrimental to phytoplanktons, risks of male infertility, systemic effects, neurotoxic effects ( Hall & Mirenda, 1991 ; Khalil, Awad & Ali, 2017 ; Songur et al., 2010 ) Causes male infertility; mutagenic; carcinogenic ( Eder & Weinfurtner, 1994 ; Velí’scar, Davídek, Davídek & Hamburg, 1991 ) Systemic toxicity in fishes and small mammals ( Chen, Dong, Zhao & Tang, 2009 ; Federici, Shaw & Handy, 2007 ; Wang et al., 2007 ) Carcinogenic effects, mutagenic effects, risks of respiratory disorders ( Anttinen-Klemetti, Vaaranrinta, Mutanen & Peltonen, 2006 ; Ward et al., 1996 ) Immunogenic effects, hepatotoxic effects in small mammals ( DeMerlis& Schoneker, 2003 )
Cationic starch, molasses, guar gum, xanthan gum
Bentonite
Polyacrylamide (PAM)
Polyethylenimine (PEI)
Polyvinylamine (PVA)
Sizing agents
Alkyl ketene dimer (AKD)
Starch, oxidized starch, cellulose derivatives, cationic cellulose, alginate, casein, whey proteins, chitosan, tamarind kernel polysaccharide, hemicellulose, polyhydroxyalkanoates
Styrene derivatives
Rosin
Cellulose derivatives, cationic starch, hemicellulose, chitosan, alginate, guar gum, tamarind kernel polysachharide, carrageenan, xanthan, poly ‑ hydroxy-alkanoates
Strength additive
Urea formaldehyde (UF)
Melamine formaldehyde (MF)
Poly-amideamine epichlorohydrin (PAE)
Cellulose derivatives, cationic starch, hemicellulose, chitosan, alginate, guar gum, tamarind kernel polysachharide, carrageenan, xanthan, poly ‑ hydroxy-alkanoates, glutens
Coating agents
Titanium dioxide
Styrene-butadiene
Polyvinyl compounds
Diaminostilbenedisulphonic acid derivatives
Non-degradable, deposits in waste water ( Wong-Wah-Chung, Mailhot & Bolte, 2001 )
Table 3 Approximate costs of commercially available biopolymers.
Approximate Price (in INR) #
Type
Quantity (g)
Microcrystalline cellulose (powder)
250 500
2000–3000 8000–10,000 7000–9000 19,000–22,000 8000–11,000 10,000–12,000
Cellulose acetate
Hydroxyethyl cellulose (quaternized)
50
Hydroxypropyl cellulose
250 100
Hydroxypropyl-methyl cellulose Sodium carboxymethyl cellulose
1000
Alginate-sodium salt
500 250 250 500 100
5000–7000
Chitosan Starch ∗∗
20,000–25,000 2000–14,000 12,000–13,000 12,000–13,000 48,000–50,000
Hydroxyethyl starch
𝜅 - Carrageenan 𝜆 - Carrageenan Wheat gluten
25
500
1000–3000
Tamarind kernel powder
1000 1000 1000 1000
40–50 60–80
Carboxymethyl tamarind kernel powder
Whey protein powder Casein-protein powder
800–2000 600–2000
# Price is based on high to highest purity;. ∗∗ Price range is based on different sources of starch.
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