S. Basu, S. Malik, G. Joshi et al.
Carbohydrate Polymer Technologies and Applications 2 (2021) 100050
Table 4 Overview of sources, types and applications of bio-based polymers in paper making.
Source
Classes of Bio-polymers
Types and derivatives
Functions
References
Crop grains (wheat, rice, maize etc.) Tubers (cassava, potato)
Starch
Sizing, pigment coating, dry strength additive, wet strength additive, retention aid
( Andersson, 2008 ; Ghasemian et al., 2012 ; Hermansson & Svegmark, 1996 ; Holik, 2006 ; Kochkar, Morawietz & Hölderich, 2001 ; Lindström et al., 2016 ; Ray, Ghosh, Gupta & Rajrana, 2011 ; Ulbrich et al., 2012 ; Vanier et al., 2017 ; Zakraj š ek & Golob, 2009 ) ( Abdel-Halim, 2014 ; Ahola et al., 2008 ; Hamada, Beckvermit & Bousfield, 2010 ; Holik, 2006 ; Joshi et al., 2015 ; Karrasch et al., 2009 ; Khwaldia, 2013 ; Khwaldia, Arab-Tehrany & Desobry, 2010 ; Klass, 2011 ; Moral et al., 2015 ; Pajari et al., 2012 ; Salam et al., 2015 ; Shen et al., 2014 ; Sothornvit, 2009 ; , Lavanya et al., 2011 ) ( Anjos et al., 2004 ; Denis U. Lima et al., 2003 ; Mobarak & Fahmy, 1973 ; Shen et al., 2014 ) ( Fernandes et al., 2010 ; Nada et al., 2006 ; Nicu, Bobu
- Unmodified starch - Oxidized starch - Hydroxyethyl starch - Acetyl starch - Cationic starch
Dry strength additive, wet strength additive, coating, sizing
Plant biomass (woody and non-woody) Fibre wastes Bacteria (various genera)
Cellulose
- Carboxymethyl cellulose - Hydroxyethyl cellulose - Methyl cellulose - Hydroxypropyl cellulose - Hydroxypropyl methyl cellulose - Nanocellulose - Cationic cellulose
Plant biomass (woody & non-woody) Leguminous seeds
Hemi-celluloses
–
Tear & tensile strength, sizing and surface strength
Strength, sizing, barrier, thermal stability, antimicrobial properties
Crustaceans Molluscs Insects Fungi
Chitosan
- Unmodified chitosan - Cyanoethyl chitosan - Carboxymethyl chitosan
& Desbrieres, 2011 ; Zakaria et al., 2015 )
( Song et al., 2012 ; Yin & Lewis,1981 )
Brown seaweed (family Phaeo-phyceae ) Bacteria Milk (casein, whey) Soy Wheat & Corn (gluten)
Alginate
–
Dry and wet strength; sizing and coating
Protein-based polymers
Dry strength additive, sizing and coating (barrier properties)
( Andersson, 2008 ; Guillaume, Pinte, Gontard & Gastaldi, 2010 ; Khwaldia et al., 2006 ; Salam et al., 2015 )
- Casein based - Whey protein - Soy based - Glutens
Derived from natural carbohydrates by fermentation using Lactobacillus sp.
Poly-lactic acid (PLA)
–
Mechanical strength, Coating
( Jamshidian, Tehrany, Imran, Jacquot & Desobry, 2010 )
( Goyal et al., 2008 ; Yin & Lewis,1981 ) ( Arrieta et al., 2014 ; Kuusipalo, 2000a , 2000b )
Tamarindus indica Linn.
Tamarind kernel powder (TKP)
–
Water retention, sizing, binders, coating
Bacteria ( Pseudomonas sp. , Alcaligenes sp etc.) Sugar cane ( Saccharum officinarum ) Sea weed ( Gelidium elegans ) Guar plant ( Cyamopsis tetragonolobus) Bacteria ( X. campestris)
Polyhydroxy-alkanoates (PHA)
–
Tensile strength, barrier properties; Sizing and coating Dry and wet strength additive, Retention aid Dry strength additive, soating, rheology modifier, retention aid
( Fahmy, 2014 )
Molasses
–
Gums
( Dasgupta, 1999 ; Liu et al., 2017 ; Lachke, 2004 ; Taggart et al., 1992 )
- Carrageenan - Guar gum (cationic and anionic) - Xanthan gum
3 Decrease toxicity/reduce harmful effects from chemical processes and mill-effluents From the present review, it can be understood that biopolymers have the potential to administer all aforesaid aspects. In this context it can also be mentioned that our research group is relentlessly working on potential bio-polymeric blend formulations to generate economically vi- able additives for quality paper manufacturing.
11. Conclusion
Available literatures suggest that the specific properties imparted by bio-polymeric additives differ adversely with varying raw material type and reaction conditions. Hence, intensive research and development is necessary to utilize bio-polymeric resources with well defined reaction parameters specific to individual raw materials. This in turn will help in formulating sustainable industrial protocols. To conclude, it can be said that the scope of biopolymers in paper industry is well attributed from the three functional domains that a potential paper additive must address such as:
Credit author statement
Soumya Basu : Literature survey, writing and editing. Shuank Ma- lik : Literature survey, writing and editing. Gyanesh Joshi : Inspection and validation of referred literature. P. K. Gupta : Writing and sugges- tions for content. Vikas Rana : Conceptualization, writing and editing.
1 Minimize chemical and energy charge of industrial paper manufacturing (hence, the production cost) 2 Enhance the quality of the final product.
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