1188
F.A. Morsy et al.
2.5. Characterization of the prepared handsheets
2.3. Handsheet preparation
The properties of paper handsheets were evaluated using stan- dard testing for physical, mechanical and optical properties. The ash content was conducted in a muffle furnace at 525 C
Handsheets of paper were prepared with target basis weight of 60 g/m 2 according to TAPPI Standard T-205. The fibre employed in this study was a mixed chemical wood pulp with a hardwood/softwood ratio of 85:15 (wt.%). The pre- pared fillers (silica nano-particles and SiO 2 /CaCO 3 nano- composites) were added to the prepared pulp stock at 15% on dry pulp. Unloaded and commercial PCC loaded handsheets (reference handsheets) were also prepared for comparison. In advance, cationic polyacrylamide was added with a concentration of about 0.1% to dry pulp basis to increase the fillers’ retention.
Table 2
XRF analysis of thermally treated SBRSA with
fraction size less than 0.71 mm.
Element
Compound formula
Concentration (%)
Na 2 O MgO Al 2 O 3
1.026 2.729 0.774
Na Mg
Al
2.4. Characterization of the prepared nano-fillers
Si
SiO 2 P 2 O 5 SO 3 K 2 O CaO TiO 2
82.972
0.267 0.240 2.711 2.528 0.130 0.317 1.571 0.016 0.018 0.023 0.007 0.171 4.500
P S
The produced nano-fillers were characterized by different tech- niques as follows: X-ray diffractometer (XRD, Bruker AXS D8, Germany), with CuK a ( k =1.5406A˚ ) radiation and a secondary mono- chromator, was used to preform the phase identification of the prepared silica, CaCO 3 nano-particles and SiO 2 /CaCO 3 nanocomposites. X-ray fluorescence (XRF) Axios, Sequential WD-XRF, PANalytical 2005 (Netherlands) was used to deter- mine the metallic ion impurities in SBRSA and the produced silica. Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM, JEOL instrument model JSM-5410) was used to characterize the microstructure of the obtained fillers. Transmission electron microscopy (TEM, JEOL-JEM-1230, Tokyo, Japan) was used to investi- gate the morphology information of the samples such as particle size and particle shape. Fourier Transform Infrared (FT-IR) spectra (Jasco FT-IR-3600 plus Japan) was used to detect the existence of organic compounds and lattice water incorporating of excess hydroxide species in the sample. Zeta potentials of suspension samples were measured at room tem- perature using a Zeta meter 3.0 equipped with a microproces- sor unit (Malvern Instrument Zeta Sizer 2000). Laser ablation inductively coupled plasma-mass spectrometry (LA-ICP-MS) determined the concentration of the prepared Na 2 SiO 3 solu- tion. The analyses were carried out at FM involving a Varian ICP-MS and a New Wave UP213 laser, for direct introduction of solid samples.
K
Ca
Ti
Mn
MnO Fe 2 O 3
Fe Cu Zn
CuO ZnO SrO PbO
Sr
Pb Cl
Cl
L.O.I Total
100.00
Table 3 SBRSA.
XRF analysis of silica nano-particles prepared from
Element
Compound formula
Concentration (%)
Si
SiO 2
99.80
Na 2 O
0.110 0.032 0.031 0.015
Na
K
K 2 O
Al 2 O 3 Fe 2 O 3
Al Fe
Total
100.00
Table 4
XRF analysis of SiO 2 /CaCO 3 nanocomposites CS1,
Table 1
XRF analysis for semi-burned rice straw as received.
CS2 and CS3.
Element
Compound formula
Concentration (%)
Element
Compound formula Concentration (%) CS1 CS2
Na 2 O MgO Al 2 O 3
1.38 0.14 0.33
Na Mg
CS3
Na Mg
Na 2 O MgO Al 2 O 3
0.060 0.188 0.094 1.822 0.012 0.077
0.061 0.187 0.094 2.123 0.010 0.077
0.060 0.187 0.094 2.997 0.013 0.075
Al
62.5
Si
SiO 2 P 2 O 5 SO 3 K 2 O CaO TiO 2
Al
0.26 0.56 1.98 0.91 0.11 0.53 0.37 1.68
P S
Si
SiO 2 P 2 O 5 SO 3 CaO
P S
K
Ca
Ca Fe
54.992 53.822 53.812
Ti
Fe 2 O 3
0.247 0.031 0.033
0.248 0.032 0.043
0.245 0.032 0.042
Mn
MnO Fe 2 O 3
Sr Cl
SrO
Fe Cl
Cl
Cl
41.894 43.303 42.443
L.O.I Total
CO 2
L.O.I Total
29.25
100
100
100
100.00
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