Sustainability 2021 , 13 , 9069
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Figure2. Scheme of the paper production system using coffee silverskin as raw material. The system boundary for silverskin as a byproduct of coffee roasting is represented by the dotted line and transport phases are represented by the grey arrows.
2.1.1. Conventional Paper Production Conventional graphic paper is principally composed of wood pulp, recycled paper pulp, chemicals, and additives. According to FAVINI srl, pulp contributes approximately 64.6% of the weight of a sheet of graphic paper. In this case, three wood pulps are used: Eucalyptus virgin pulp from Brazil, Softwood virgin pulp from Scandinavian countries (the model assumes Sweden), and Hardwood virgin pulp from Slovakia. Recycled paper pulp was assumed to have been produced within national borders. Please see Table 1: Table1. Pulp composition for conventional and silverskin papers.
Pulp Typology
Origin Country
Conventional Paper
Silverskin Paper
Hardwood Eucalyptus Softwood
Slovakia
10.2% 11.86% 10.2% 67.74%
8.11% 8.11% 9.46% 54.05% 20.27%
Brazil
Sweden
Recycled-paper pulp (Italy)
Italy Italy
Silverskin
-
Total
100%
100%
The percentages of pulp typology for conventional graphic paper that were used in this study reflects the Italian national paper production, where softwood (58%) is utilized more than hardwood (42%) [25]. The process can be described in four key parts: Wood cultivation, pulp production, paper production, and use/recycling phase. • Wood production involves the processes required in the cultivation of the wood species considered in this study as well as the transportation to the pulp producer. • Pulp production phase involves tree cultivation processes, wood management and handling, wood transportation to the pulp-mill, and, finally, the bleached pulp pro- duction and the transportation of these materials to the paper mill. • Paper production phase involves the process of creating graphic paper. Paper pro- duction was assumed to take place in northern Italy (Milan), representing the Italian paper industry distribution. • Use/recycling phase involves the transportation to the end-user to a waste-collection point as well as the recycling process. • All transportation that occurs along the entire cycle has been grouped together to assess their impact.
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