Sustainability 2021 , 13 , 9069
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• Electricity used in this step is the average Italian mix [38]. • To obtain 1 kg of green coffee, 2 kg of dried red berries are used [39]. • Silverskin is 1.5% of the roasted beans [16]. • Mass allocation between coffee and CSS is applied when CSS is considered as a co-product. 2.1.3.6. Paper Making Data on the materials and quantities that are used to produce the graphic paper are reported in Table 2 below. Table2. Data on materials used to produce the graphic paper. Data are given per functional unit.
INPUT Materials
Unit
Amount
Pulpmix Limestone
kg kg kg kg kg
0.646 0.202 0.004 0.040 0.001
Alkyl ketene dimers sizer
Potato starch Brighteners
Water
l
23.000
Chemicals Electricity Natural gas
kg MJ MJ
0.037 1.477
13.386
Once the paper is produced, transportation to the consumers was estimated to be approximately 200 km, carried out with a Euro 3 (26–28 t) truck. Paper use was not included in the study due to high variability that results from consumer habits. However, the required effort of the consumer for the transport to the waste-collection site was taken into consideration. 2.1.3.7. Life Cycle Impact Assessment The 100-year time horizon global warming potential (GWP) methodology from the IPCC Fifth Assessment Report 2014 (AR5) [40] was used to calculate the global warming potential (GWP). Following the IPCC (2006) guidelines [41], biogenic carbon was not included in this study. Results are reported in kg of CO 2 eq (kgCO 2 eq) per functional unit (FU). The primary energy demand (PED) methodology was selected to evaluate the energy consumption of the systems. The data refers to the net energy demand (expressed in MJ), subdivided by renewable and non-renewable energy. The life cycle impact assessment method ReCiPe [42] was used to calculate several other environmental impacts of the two paper types. ReCiPe provides a wide range of im- pacts, covering the whole environment-sphere (from atmosphere, to soil, to human toxicity). In total we analyzed 20 mid-point impact categories (Table 3). The impacts of land occupation and transformation were not included in the assessment. 2.2. Life Cycle Costing (LCC) The LCC methodology is congruent with the methodology of the LCA and follows the methodology described by Swarr et al. (2011) [43] and Hunkeler et al. (2008) [44]. Even though LCC is a well-established concept, it has never been explicitly developed in a common and standardized methodology [44]. Within the given assessment, we performed a so-called environmental LCC as described by Hunkler et al. (2008), where the financial costs are assessed per each life cycle step together with the costs associated to the environmental impacts.
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